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Paul Downes 《Liverpool Law Review》2007,28(2):271-317
This article seeks to highlight some potential indicators and benchmarks for the right to health under the International Covenant
on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, ratified by Estonia. These potential key indicators, as part of a human rights based
approach to health indicators being developed by the UN Special Rapporteur, are argued to be particularly important in the
context of the exceptionally high HIV rates among the Russian speaking population in Estonia. The historical emergence of
the HIV epidemic in Estonia is traced, comparing its development with the situations in Latvia and Lithuania. This article
describes the current extent of the HIV epidemic in Estonia which is the country with the highest reported number of HIV infections
per capita in Europe, a number impacting in an extremely disproportionate fashion on its Russian-speaking population, particularly
in North-Eastern Estonia. Understanding of the HIV epidemic in Estonia cannot exclude the social contextual factors of the
social marginalization of many among the Russian-speaking population, the ‹alien’ status of those without citizenship of Estonia
or any other State, and other failures of Estonian State policy with regard to intravenous drug use and HIV in the recent
past. HIV among the prison population is also examined as disproportionately impacting upon Russian-speaking prisoners. It
is argued that the language and logic of the Estonian State Integration Programme, as well as Estonia’s Second Report on the
implementation of the Council of Europe Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (2004) which refer
to its Russian-speaking citizens as ‹non-Estonians’ is discrimination based on ethnic origin. In order to develop a system
of State accountability in relation to the right to health, candidate indicators and benchmarks are proposed as structural,
process and outcome indicators relevant to Estonia regarding the right to health and HIV, intravenous drug use, socio-economic
integration and its Russian-speaking population.
Dr. Paul Downes is Director of the Educational Disadvantage Centre, St. Patrick’s College, Drumcondra, Dublin, Ireland. 相似文献
964.
Paul Gray 《Journal of criminal justice》1976,4(4):341-346
Assuming that the primary purpose of investigative detectives is to solve cases (make arrests), a mathematical model is developed that allocates detectives among divisions in large urban police department so as to maximize the city-wide clearance rate. 相似文献
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The juvenile gang in the 1990s differs in many significant ways from the gangs described in the “classical” gang studies of the 1950s and 1960s. Juvenile justice professionals should be aware of the changes in the nature, organization, motivation, and activities of gangs and plan intervention strategies accordingly. One important issue in gang research—one which has great implications for public policy—is defining “gang” and “gang-related crime.” The existence of a “gang problem” in a community may be more related to the definition of “gang” and “gang-related” than to the objective issue of whether, or not, a gang problem exists. Further issues relating to the gang of the 1990s involve changing age and sex distribution of gang members, increasing violence by gangs, and deeper involvement with drug distribution. Implications for public policy are discussed. 相似文献