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981.
Legal context: Although Brussels has established many Directivesand Regulations in the field of IP law during the last two decades,there is still no Council Directive on plant breeder's rights. Key points: The article first examines the current national plant varietyprotection laws in force in the EC Member States. It then focuseson some figures with regard to national applications and Communityapplications for plant breeder's rights filed in the years 2001–2005.Subsequently, it discusses a number of optional provisions laiddown in the 1991 UPOV Convention and it points out the manydifferences in national laws that result from this UPOV text.In particular, it draws attention to national differences withregard to the protection of products made directly from harvestedmaterial, the farmer's privilege, and the term of protection. Practical significance: The article concludes that national applications for plant varietyprotection still play a significant role next to Community applications.It argues that the establishment of a Directive would be worthconsidering, as the differences between the laws of the MemberStates lead to barriers to the free movement of goods and toa distortion of the conditions of competition on the commonmarket. 相似文献
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While a considerable number of studies had been conducted to examine the effects of various variables on police behavior, very few studies had simultaneously analyzed factors that accounted both for police coercive and noncoercive behaviors. Equally limited is the research on the influences of officer characteristics and neighborhood context on police behavior controlling for all individual situational factors. Using observational and survey data collected by a large-scale project and hierarchical linear modeling techniques, this study assessed the effects of situational, officer, and neighborhood variables on police coercive and noncoercive actions, as well as the cross-level effects between these variables. Findings showed that situational characteristics played a strong role in determining officer coercive behavior, but not noncoercive activities. Similarly, officer-level predictors explained better officers' variation in coercive behavior than noncoercive behavior. Meanwhile, socially disadvantaged neighborhoods were more prone to receive coercive activities than were other neighborhoods. Implications for policy and future research are discussed. 相似文献
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Y Katsuragawa 《Forensic science international》1999,101(1):43-48
BACKGROUND: Methamphetamine, a derivative of amphetamine, has been said to cause mainly mental dependency in humans, but only little is known about its physical dependency. Like other narcotics, it may have chronic effects on the human body, so, this study was planned to evaluate it by examining the bone quality of the skeletal system. METHOD: Among the convicts serving in Fuchu Prison, two groups of people were chosen according to their methamphetamine experience. The bone quality of the calcaneus of both abusers (n = 59, ages 41 +/- 11 years) and controls (n = 50, aged 45 +/- 13 years) was examined with an Achilles ultrasound bone densitometer. SOS (speed of sound) and BUA (broadband ultrasound attenuation), both of which were obtained from the measurement and are an indicator of the strength of bone, were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The SOS of the abuser group was 1559 +/- 24 (mean +/- SD) m/s and this was significantly lower than that of the control group, 1570 +/- 27 (mean +/- SD) m/s (p = 0.017). The BUAs of the abuser group and the control group were 108 +/- 10 and 110 +/- 10 (mean +/- SD) dB/MHz, respectively, and there was no significant difference between them (p = 0.181). CONCLUSION: There was loss of SOS of the calcaneus in methamphetamine abusers. 相似文献
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Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory has reaped a substantial amount of empirical support. Recently, attention has focused on the factors associated with the development of self-control. With few and isolated exceptions, most research has examined the ways in which parents contribute to the development of self-control in children. Gottfredson and Hirschi hypothesized, however, that other social institutions, especially schools, may play at least some role in inculcating self-control. The current study addressed this possibility by conducting a series of multilevel models that examined whether the characteristics of schools, and classrooms within schools, were salient to the development of self-control. Using a longitudinal sample of kindergarten and first-grade students, the results revealed that classroom characteristics influenced self-control. 相似文献
990.
Beatrix Elsner Marcelo Aebi Bruno Aubusson de Cavarlay Gwladys Gillieron Hakan Hakeri Jörg-Martin Jehle Martin Killias Christopher Lewis Julia Peters Erika Roth Paul Smit Piotr Sobota Ksenjia Turkovic Marianne Wade Josef Zila 《European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research》2008,14(2-3):123-132
The article presents a special form of a European comparative synopsis. For this case examples have been chosen ranging from administrative or minor (criminal) offences to increasingly serious offences and offenders. In this way it can be comparatively demonstrated how the criminal justice systems studied handle specific cases and whether they do so in a similar or different way. 相似文献