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921.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the principalinternational institution for the management and regulationof the process of economic globalization. Its effectivenessin fulfilling this important task, however, leaves much to bedesired. On 4 and 5 February 2005, the Faculty of Law of MaastrichtUniversity organized an international research conference entitledIn Search of Effective Global Economic Governance: TheCase of the World Trade Organization. This conferencebrought together academics, WTO officials, government diplomats,national trade officials, representatives of business associationsand NGOs to discuss a wide range of issues, including: possibleimprovements to and alternatives for consensus decision-makingin the WTO; issues of transparency, democratic legitimacy andthe participation of civil society in WTO decision-making; secondarylaw-making by WTO bodies; and an expanded role for the WTO Secretariat.It is important that legal and political science scholars focustheir research efforts on the reforms needed to transform theWTO into an instrument of effective global economic governance.The main objective of the conference was, therefore, to definea comprehensive agenda for research into the institutional reformof the WTO. This article is, above all, a report of the conferenceand summarizes the main arguments made by the participants. 相似文献
922.
Cohen PJ 《American journal of law & medicine》2005,31(2-3):175-214
Since the turn of the century, resourceful entrepreneurs have advertised a wide variety of purportedly simple and painless cures for cancer, including liniments of turpentine, mustard, oil, eggs, and ammonia; peat moss; arrangements of colored floodlamps; pastes made from glycerine and limburger cheese . . . [T]his historical experience does suggest why Congress could reasonably have determined to protect the terminally ill, no less than other patients, from the vast range of self-styled panaceas that inventive minds can devise. [Individuals have] the right to be treated by a health care practitioner with any medical treatment (including a treatment that is not approved, certified, or licensed by the Secretary of Health and Human Services) that such individual desires or the legal representative of such individual desires. The makers of our Constitution undertook to secure conditions favorable to the pursuit of happiness. They recognized the significance of man's spiritual nature, of his feelings and of his intellect. They knew that only a part of the pain, pleasure and satisfactions of life are to be found in material things. They sought to protect Americans in their beliefs, their thoughts, their emotions and their sensations. They conferred, as against the Government, the right to be left alone--the most comprehensive of rights and the right most valued by civilized men. 相似文献
923.
924.
Langdon PE Cosgrave N Tranah T 《International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology》2004,48(4):504-515
The objectives of the study were to investigate the social climate of two different types of units (open vs. secure) contained within the same South London adolescent medium-secure facility. Two hypotheses were generated: (a) adolescents would rate the social climate of the whole facility in a more negative direction than staff and (b) adolescents and staff would rate the social climate of the open units in a more positive direction than the social climate of the secure units. 43 adolescents and 49 staff members from the open units and the secure units were recruited and completed the Correctional Institutions Environment Scale (CIES), a measure of social climate. Overall, adolescents tended to rate the facility in a more negative direction. All participants rated the open units in a more positive direction than secure units. However, on selected subscales there were differences. The findings of this study suggest that adolescents and staff may perceive their shared social climate differently. This may have implications for those attempting to develop positive social climates within secure services. 相似文献
925.
Parson W Brandstätter A Alonso A Brandt N Brinkmann B Carracedo A Corach D Froment O Furac I Grzybowski T Hedberg K Keyser-Tracqui C Kupiec T Lutz-Bonengel S Mevag B Ploski R Schmitter H Schneider P Syndercombe-Court D Sørensen E Thew H Tully G Scheithauer R 《Forensic science international》2004,139(2-3):215-226
This paper presents an overview of the organisation and the results of the collaborative exercises (CE) of the European DNA Profiling (EDNAP) Group's mitochondrial DNA population database project (EMPOP). The aim of the collaborative exercises was to determine whether uniformity of mtDNA sequencing results could be achieved among different laboratories. These were asked to sequence either the complete mtDNA control region or the two hypervariable regions HVI (16024-16365) and HVII (73-340) from DNA extracts, buccal swabs or bloodstains, proceeding in accordance with the protocol and strategies used in each individual laboratory. The results of the collaborative exercises were employed to identify possible sources of errors that could arise during the analysis and interpretation of mtDNA profiles. These findings were taken as a basis to tentatively make suitable arrangements for the construction of a high quality mtDNA database. One hundred fifty mtDNA profiles were submitted to the evaluating laboratory, and disaccording profiles were classified into four groups corresponding to the source of error: clerical errors, sample mix-ups, contaminations and discrepancies with respect to the mtDNA nomenclature. Overall, 14 disaccording haplotypes (16 individual errors) were observed. The errors included 10 clerical errors, 3 interpretation problems, 2 cases of sample mix-up and 1 case of point heteroplasmic mixture, where the 2 sequencing reactions brought inconsistent base calls. This corresponds to an error rate of 10.7% in a virtual mtDNA database consisting of the collaborative exercise results. However, this estimate is still conservative compared to conclusions drawn by authors of meanwhile numerous publications critically reviewing published mtDNA population databases. Our results and earlier published concerns strongly emphasize the need for appropriate safety regulations when mtDNA profiles are compiled for database purposes in order to accomplish the high standard required for mtDNA databases that are used in the forensic context. 相似文献
926.
Padosch SA Schmidt PH Hirsch RD Schyma C Kröner LU Dettmeyer RB Madea B 《Archiv für Kriminologie》2004,214(3-4):65-76
In the USA the frequency of witnessed suicide, i.e. suicide committed in the presence of at least one further individual, is reported to range between 5 and 15%. As up to now no detailed analysis of this special issue has been given in the medicolegal literature, this article presents and discusses a number of cases including 8 males and 1 female (age 19-58 years, mean 41.2 years) who had all committed suicide by inflicting a gunshot to the head. In 3 cases post-mortem blood alcohol concentrations of 1.73, 1.88 and 2.23 g/kg respectively were observed. Toxicological tests produced negative results. 5 cases had a medical history of psychiatric disorder with endogenous depression in 3, chronic alcohol abuse and drug abuse with concomitant psychosis in one case each. As far as the motives were known, domestic arguments were of prevailing importance. With one exception the suicides were committed at home. In 6 cases one witness was present, in 2 cases 2 individuals and in one case 22 persons witnessed the suicide. The reported cases are discussed in comparison with the psychiatric-psychological classification according to McDowell et al. with the aim to provide a solid and comprehensive medicolegal method to distinguish between homicide and suicide. Furthermore aspects of psychiatric sequelae and psychological support of the witnesses, which are also of importance for the forensic pathologist called to the scene, are discussed. 相似文献
927.
Preparation of degraded human DNA under controlled conditions 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
DNA typing through analysis of short tandem repeats (STRs) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) by means of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing are the common methods for the forensic identification of persons and reconstruction of kinship, especially when skeletal human remains have to be analyzed. Furthermore, samples typically found at crime scenes may be both quantitatively and qualitatively inadequate since they may contain very scarce and often degraded DNA due to exposure to heat, light, humidity, and microorganisms. In order to improve the performance of STR typing technology in those cases where DNA availability is limited, it would be desirable to have a source of degraded DNA with known properties. For this purpose, we have developed a method to prepare artificially degraded DNA under controlled conditions. By treatment of genomic DNA with sonication and DNAse I we have produced DNA fragments within a defined range of lengths. STR typing of this degraded DNA with a commercially available multiplex kit could only produce partial profiles as indicated by the absence of STR alleles with sizes >200 bp. This artificially degraded DNA can be used for the improvement and standardization of STR typing protocols when only highly degraded DNA is available for analysis. 相似文献
928.
Aghayev E Thali M Jackowski C Sonnenschein M Yen K Vock P Dirnhofer R 《Journal of forensic sciences》2004,49(4):809-813
A man wearing no protective helmet was struck by a motor vehicle while riding a bicycle. He was loaded on his left side, and the impact point of his head was his occiput on the car roof girder. He was immediately transported to the general hospital, where he passed away. Postmortem examination using multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) revealed an extensively comminuted fracture of the posterior part and the base of the skull. Observed were deep direct and contrecoup brain bruises, with the independent fractures of the roof of the both orbits. Massive subdural and subarachnoidal hemorrhage with cerebral edema and shifting of the mid-line towards left side were also detected. MSCT and autopsy results were compared and the body injuries were correlated to vehicle damages. In conclusion, postmortem imaging is a good forensic visualization tool with great potential for documentation and examination of body injuries and pathology. 相似文献
929.
930.
Zusammenfassung Die analytische Soziologie versucht, komplexe soziale Prozesse zu erkl?ren, indem sie diese sorgf?ltig seziert und den Blick
auf die wichtigsten, konstituierenden Aspekte richtet. Erst durch Sezieren und analytisches Abstrahieren lassen sich die entscheidenden
Elemente und Mechanismen sozialer Prozesse erkennen und verstehen. Im Folgenden arbeiten wir gemeinsame Merkmale von Tocquevilles
über die Demokratie in Amerika und der gegenw?rtigen analytischen Soziologie heraus und behaupten vor diesem Hintergrund, dass der von Tocqueville verfolgte
Erkl?rungsansatz in vielerlei Hinsicht als Vorl?ufer der analytischen Soziologie gelten kann. Um die spezifischen Kennzeichen
von Tocquevilles Zugang verdeutlichen zu k?nnen, werden seine Charakteristika jenen anderer klassischer Ans?tze gegenübergestellt.
Ein Grund dafür, warum es sich auch nach 200 Jahren noch lohnt, Tocqueville zu lesen, ist, dass sein Zugang als frühes Beispiel
für die Erkl?rungskraft des analytischen Ansatzes in der Soziologie gelten kann. Angesichts der methodologischen und theoretischen
Fortschritte seit dem Erscheinen von über die Demokratie in Amerika ist das Werk allerdings eher als Klassiker interessant, als dass es den Rang einer Pflichtlektüre für das Studium der Soziologie
reklamieren k?nnte.
Summary Analytical sociology seeks to explain complex social processes by carefully dissecting them and then bringing into focus their most important constituent components. It is through dissection and analytical abstractions that the important cogs and wheels of social processes are made visible and intelligible. By identifying some common features between Tocqueville’s Democracy in America and contemporary analytical sociology, we argue that the explanatory approach that Tocqueville pursued in many respects is a forerunner to analytical sociology. These features are contrasted with those of other classical approaches in order to highlight the defining characteristics of Tocqueville’s approach. One reason why Tocqueville is still worth reading, 200 years after his birth, is as an early example of the explanatory power of the analytical approach to sociology. However, the methodological and theoretical advances that sociology has undergone since the publication of Democracy in America makes it more interesting as a classic than as a useful source of reference for today’s sociologystudents.
Résumé La sociologie analytique tente d’expliquer des processus sociaux complexes en les décomposant soigneusement pour porter ensuite son regard sur leurs aspects constitutifs les plus importants. Grace à cette démarche, on peut identifier et comprendre les éléments et les mécanismes essentiels constituant les processus sociaux. Nous dégageons dans cet article les caractéristiques communes à De la démocratie en Amérique de Tocqueville et à la sociologie analytique contemporaine. Dans cette perspective, nous prétendons que l’approche explicative développée par Tocqueville peut, à bien des égards, être considérée comme un précurseur de la sociologie analytique. Pour pouvoir mettre en évidence les traits saillants de la démarche adoptée par Tocqueville, nous comparons ses caractéristiques à celles d’autres approches classiques. L’une des raisons pour lesquelles il vaut encore la peine de lire Tocqueville 200 ans après est que sa démarche peut être considérée comme une illustration avant la lettre de la puissance explicative de la méthode analytique en sociologie. Compte tenu des progrès méthodologiques et théoriques réalisés depuis sa parution, De la démocratie en Amérique a cependant plut?t valeur de classique que d’œuvre en mesure de revendiquer le statut de lecture obligatoire pour l’étude de la sociologie.相似文献