Peter Siegelman 《Law & social inquiry》2015,40(1):51-85

Lawyers who engage in misconduct can do substantial harm. To screen out “unfit” lawyers, bar examining authorities collect detailed personal information from bar applicants. The rationale for this “character and fitness” inquiry is to identify who is likely to become a problematic lawyer. Despite the history of discrimination associated with this inquiry and the highly personal information requested, there has been no rigorous test of whether such predictions are possible. This article examines the information disclosed by 1,343 Connecticut bar applicants and their subsequent disciplinary records. It reveals that while some bar application data are associated with an elevated risk of future discipline, the predictive power of the data is extremely low. Moreover, several variables are more strongly associated with less severe discipline than with more severe discipline. We argue that some of the causal mechanisms linking application data to subsequent discipline may have more to do with career trajectory than with an underlying propensity to engage in misconduct.  相似文献   

    

Peter Huber  Julia Bock‐Schappelwein 《Journal of common market studies》2014,52(2):268-284

This article explores how the full liberalization of migration as a consequence of Austria's European economic area (EEA) accession in 1994 impacted on the education structure of migrants to Austria. To identify the effects of this policy change, use is made of the fact that only migrants from EEA member states were affected, while third country citizens were not. Robust evidence is found that the share of low educated permanent migrants from the EEA to Austria reduced relative to the share of low educated permanent migrants from other countries after Austria's EEA accession. This suggests that liberalizing migration may be an effective way to improve the skill structure of migrants in countries with a high share of low‐skilled migrants.  相似文献   

    

Mads Dagnis Jensen  Peter Nedergaard 《Journal of common market studies》2014,52(5):1035-1052

The trio Presidency function entails that Member States in groups of three are responsible for drawing up a common programme for the Council for a period of 18 months and for assisting each other. This article contributes new knowledge by focusing on the variation between four different trio Presidencies that have ended their terms since the function was launched in 2007. A typology is developed to classify past and future trio Presidencies. It is shown that there are considerable variation between past trio formations with regard to whether they follow the same objectives (scope) and how much they co‐ordinate to achieve these (depth). The observed variation is linked to the environment in which the trio Presidency operates, the individual trio members' attitude toward European integration, their territorial structuring of the state, their size, the ideology of the government and personality of the involved actors.  相似文献   

    

Janine Aron  Greg Farrell  John Muellbauer  Peter Sinclair 《发展研究杂志》2014,50(1):144-164

Abstract

Understanding how import prices adjust to exchange rates helps anticipate inflation effects and monetary policy responses. This article examines exchange rate pass-through to the monthly import price index in South Africa during 1980–2009. Short-horizon pass-through estimates are calculated using both single equation equilibrium correction models and systems (Johansen) models, controlling for both domestic and foreign costs. Average pass-through is incomplete at about 50 per cent within a year and 30 per cent in six months, and in the long-run, from the Johansen analysis including feedback effects, is about 55 per cent. There is evidence of slower pass-through under inflation targeting; pass-through is found to decline with recent exchange rate volatility and there is evidence for asymmetry, with greater pass-through occurring for small appreciations.  相似文献   

    

H. David Sheets Ph.D.  Anne Torres B.S.  Glenn Langenburg Ph.D.  Peter J. Bush B.S.  Mary A. Bush D.D.S. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2014,59(4):1113-1120

Friction ridge impression appearance can be affected due to the type of surface touched and pressure exerted during deposition. Understanding the magnitude of alterations, regions affected, and systematic/detectable changes occurring would provide useful information. Geometric morphometric techniques were used to statistically characterize these changes. One hundred and fourteen prints were obtained from a single volunteer and impressed with heavy, normal, and light pressure on computer paper, soft gloss paper, 10‐print card stock, and retabs. Six hundred prints from 10 volunteers were rolled with heavy, normal, and light pressure on soft gloss paper and 10‐print card stock. Results indicate that while different substrates/pressure levels produced small systematic changes in fingerprints, the changes were small in magnitude: roughly the width of one ridge. There were no detectable changes in the degree of random variability of prints associated with either pressure or substrate. In conclusion, the prints transferred reliably regardless of pressure or substrate  相似文献   

    

Peter Hjertholm 《发展研究杂志》2013,49(6):67-100

This article traces the origins of HIPC (Heavily Indebted Poor Country) debt sustainability targets. These targets are interpreted as ‘switching values’, below which countries are expected to avoid debt service problems but, as such, they do not take into account that countries encounter debt problems for a variety of reasons and at different levels of debt. It is likely that the ‘true’ switching value of the debt-to-export ratio of many HIPCs lie below the present target. Regarding the ‘fiscal window’ of the HIPC initiative, the lack of analytical basis for a 250 per cent target for the debt-torevenue ratio is noted, and the problems raised by the joint ‘openness-revenue’ condition are discussed. The article concludes that the sustainability targets, as presently applied, are not well supported in analytical terms.  相似文献   

    

Peter J. May 《Public administration review》2005,65(1):31-44

This research examines how traditional regulatory and voluntary approaches affect motivations to address potential harms to water quality. The traditional approach consists of governmental enforcement of mandatory requirements; the voluntary approach consists of government calling attention to potential harms and facilitating actions to address them. These approaches are best thought of as ends of a continuum rather than as the sole choices. Three sets of findings emerge from the research. One, not surprisingly, is that traditional regulation is more effective than the voluntary approach alone. A second shows that deterrent fears and the sense of duty to comply are important motivations for action. A third concerns factors that account for the variation in each motivation for which inspections, peer reputation, and attitudes toward government are shown to be important considerations. These findings point to the duality of deterrent fears and civic obligations as motivations to address potential harms.  相似文献   

    

John Minkes  Richard Hammersley  Peter Raynor 《The Howard Journal of Crime and Justice》2005,44(3):254-268

Abstract: This article describes the quality of the partnerships between youth offending teams and substance misuse projects working with young offenders. It draws on local evaluations of 25 projects funded by the Youth Justice Board's Development Fund from 1999 to 2002. For the most part, the relationships were described in mainly positive terms but a number of areas of potential and actual conflict were identified, notably confidentiality, referral criteria and enforcement. The findings are compared with previous research on partnerships between criminal justice and voluntary agencies, which generally indicate similar advantages and tensions. To some extent, YOTs and projects were able to avoid some of the predictable tensions by careful liaison and planning. However, the speed of the tendering process and the practical complexities of setting up the projects at the same time as the YOTs themselves were coming into being made this difficult for some projects.  相似文献   

    

Peter Fraser Q.C. 《The Howard Journal of Crime and Justice》1984,23(1):41-47

Abstract: The steady increase in crime places very real strains upon the administration of justice in our courts today — the trend for increasing crime statistics over the last 40 years confirms this. Despite expansions in the courts, decisions are being taken not to prosecute cases which in former days would have been prosecuted. However it is in the public interest that justice should not be long delayed. Steps taken to relieve this pressure are multifaceted: increased number of warning cases, new pre-trial procedures to reduce length of trials, studies in alternatives to prosecution. But the future is not pessimistic — the essential framework is fair and sound.  相似文献   

    

Judith A. Peter  Robert Yacano 《和平与变革》1984,10(2):47-52

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