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851.
In their seminal “Broken Windows” article in Atlantic Monthly, J. Q. Wilson and G. L. Kelling (1982) suggested that police could more effectively fight crime by targeting minor offenses. They hypothesized that untended disorder increases fear of crime in a community, starting a chain of events that eventually leads to heightened levels of crime. By targeting disorder, police can thus circumvent this cycle of neighborhood decline (Skogan, 1990). This study aimed to improve knowledge of the relationship between disorder and fear of crime in the context of the broken windows hypothesis by using a micro-place level research design involving a police crackdown on disorder and minor crime at hot spots. The results of the current study suggest that perceived social disorder and observed levels of physical disorder have a strong impact on fear of crime. This confirms the relationship between disorder and fear hypothesized by the broken windows literature, and implies that police may be able to reduce fear of crime by reducing disorder. It was also found, however, that the police intervention itself significantly increased the probability of feeling unsafe. Accordingly, any fear reduction benefits gained by reducing disorder may be offset by the fact that the policing strategies employed simultaneously increase fear of crime. These findings suggest the importance of a careful focus on “how” broken windows policing programs are implemented. Such programs must be geared not only to reduce disorder, but also to prevent increases in citizen fear that accompany crackdowns and other intensive enforcement efforts associated with broken windows policing. 相似文献
852.
Lisa Eaton Michelle Kaufman Andrea Fuhrel Demetria Cain Charsey Cherry Howard Pope Seth C. Kalichman 《Journal of family violence》2008,23(8):697-705
Interpersonal violence within lesbian relationships is a significant yet understudied problem. Women attending a gay pride
festival in Atlanta, GA, were asked to complete a survey concerning same-sex interpersonal violence. Women who reported being
in a current or previous same-sex partner relationship were included in the analyses (N = 226). Factors that occurred in the context of interpersonal violence were investigated: substance use, HIV/STI risk behaviors,
barriers to reporting abuse, and attitudes inhibiting seeking of social support. In addition, the survey assessed relationship-related
power dynamics. Results of multivariate analyses support the hypotheses that power imbalance and inequality when making sex-related
decisions within women’s same-sex relationships are associated with interpersonal violence. Further findings suggested that
a combination of factors must be considered when dealing with and reducing the risk for violence in same-sex relationships. 相似文献
853.
P.M. Vallone M.C. Kline D.L. Duewer A.E. Decker J.W. Redman J.C. Travis M.V. Smith J.M. Butler 《Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series》2008,1(1):80-82
National Institute of Standards and Technology SRM 2372 human DNA quantitation standard has been produced to support the need for a human-specific DNA quantitation standard in forensic casework and calibration of new quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays. The conventional DNA concentration has been assigned with one of the U.S. National Reference UV/Visible Spectrophotometers, assuming an absorbance of 1.0 at 260 nm equals 50 ng/μL of double stranded DNA. In addition, an interlaboratory study has been conducted, to verify that the SRM 2372 materials perform well in currently used DNA quantitation assays by the forensic DNA community. Each unit of SRM 2372 consists of three well-characterized DNA extracts. Component A is a single-source human male material derived from blood. Component B is a multiple-source human female material derived from blood. Component C was purchased as a purified unsheared genomic human DNA (Sigma-Aldrich Co., St. Louis, MO) obtained as a lyophilized human genomic extract and has both male and female donors. SRM 2372 is intended to enable the comparison of DNA concentration measurements across time and place. Manufacturers can use SRM 2372 to validate the values assigned to their own reference materials. Individual forensic laboratories can use SRM 2372 to validate DNA quantitation methods and to verify the assigned concentration of in-house or commercial DNA calibration standards. 相似文献
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855.
J.E. Allard A. Baird G. Davidson S. Jones J. Lewis L. McKenna C. Weston D. Scrimger G. Teppett 《Science & justice》2007,47(4):160-167
The recent formation of a United Kingdom and Irish working group, the Body Fluids Forum (BFF), highlighted the need to investigate different working practices prior to any inter-laboratory comparison work and identification of best practice. Various dilutions of semen were seeded onto swabs and cloth samples for each BFF member laboratory to test using their standard techniques. The results showed that the detection of acid phosphatase on swabs is best achieved using direct testing rather than on an extract from the swab. Extraction methods for spermatozoa require a balance to be achieved between using a sufficient volume of water to ensure optimal release and minimal volume to ensure a concentrated extract. PSA tests were investigated and found to be more sensitive than Choline. DNA profiles were obtained from samples in which no spermatozoa had been detected during microscopic examination. 相似文献
856.
Statement of Purpose: A decline in state-sponsored terrorism has caused many terrorist organizations to resort to criminal
activity as an alternative means of support. This study examines terrorists' involvement in a variety of crimes ranging from
motor vehicle violations, immigration fraud, and manufacturing illegal firearms to counterfeiting, armed bank robbery, and
smuggling weapons of mass destruction. Special attention is given to transnational organized crime. Crimes are analyzed through
the routine activity perspective and social learning theory. These theories draw our attention to the opportunities to commit
crime and the criminal skills necessary to turn opportunity into criminality. Through these lenses, the research appraises
the “successes” and “failures” of terrorists' engagement in crime. Because “failures” can result from law enforcement efforts
to (1) interrupt criminal skill development, and/or (2) remove criminal opportunities via technologies and transportation
systems, the research represents a best practices approach to the study and control of terrorism.
This project was supported by Grant No. 2003-DT-CX-0002 awarded by the National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs,
U.S. Department of Justice. Points of view in this document are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the official
position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. 相似文献
857.
858.
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860.
Jeffrey C. Alexander 《Society》2010,47(5):410-418
Common knowledge suggests that elections are won or lost based on demographics, finances, and other structural elements. Whether
candidates win or lose, however, is a matter of action. Symbolic identification, metaphor, and an unfolding narrative—and
how they are managed and interpreted in the flow of events—determine who will emerge victorious from the democratic struggle
for power. The McCain campaign’s effort to cast Obama as a celebrity, with the hollow trivialities and self-aggrandizement
of Paris Hilton and Britney Spears, proves to be one of the most dangerous episodes for the Obama campaign. In response, the
Democrats must adjust the staging of Obama’s Thursday night acceptance speech in Denver as a performance of purpose and gravitas,
rather than glitz and adoration. 相似文献