量刑程序改革的实体法支撑

在刑法理论上必须对量刑基准、量刑情节等问题进行研究,才能为量刑程序的改革提供实体上的支持,从而在量刑环节确立争论点,增强控辩对抗,为法官准确量刑提供素材。没有实体法上的支撑,围绕量刑程序的所有美好设计都可能落空。目前流行的关于量刑基准的各种实务理解均存在诸多不足;寻找量刑基准的方法应当是实证分析法;量刑基准的确立,需要检察官、法官、学者的通力合作。量刑情节具有两面性,对量刑情节的判断可能受非理性因素的影响。在多个逆向情节并存的情况下,立足于抵消说的"综合判断说"基本上是合理的。     

POLICE SUBCULTURE RECONSIDERED

Most comprehensive discussions of the police acknowledge the inability of legal and bureaucratic regulations to determine officer behavior. Attention is turned instead toward the informal norms developed within the police subculture. These discussions, however, tend to overstress the chasm between the formal and informal. They also provide inadequate tools for understanding differentiation, conflict, and change within police departments. I address these shortcomings here by mobilizing a particular conceptualization of the term "normative order"—as a set of rules and practices oriented around a central value. Six such orders are crucial to policing: law, bureaucratic control, adventure/machismo, safety, competence, and morality. I illustrate the importance of each by drawing upon ethnographic observations of the Los Angeles Police Department, and explain how my conceputalization offers a comprehensive yet flexible means to understand the social world of policing.     

10 Jahre neues Internationales Seerecht – Eine Bilanz des UN-Seerechtsübereinkommens 1994–2004

Der Beitrag zieht eine erste bewertende Bilanz des 1994 in Kraft getretenen Seerechtsübereinkommens (SRü) der Vereinten Nationen. Die relativ hohe Zahl der Beitritte zum SRü und die weitgehend einheitliche Staatenpraxis bei der Inanspruchnahme von hoheitlichen Meereszonen sind positiv zu bewerten, ebenso wie die Arbeit der neuen Seerechtsinstitutionen. Andererseits entsteht ein wachsender Katalog von ungel?sten alten Streitfragen oder neu entstehenden Problemen, die zu einer Nachbesserung dr?ngen, wie z. B. die Nutzung neuer energetischer, biologischer und chemischer Sch?tze des Meeres oder der Klima- und Artenschutz. Die Suche nach dem richtigen Weg für die Weiterentwicklung des Seerechts hat begonnen.     

SOCIAL INTERACTION AND COMMUNITY CRIME: EXAMINING THE IMPORTANCE OF NEIGHBOR NETWORKS

The social disorganization perspective assumes that social interaction among neighbors is a central element in the control of community crime. Moreover, social interaction among neighbors that occurs frequently, such as every day, is assumed to be most effective. This analysis tests that assumption by exploring the consequences of frequent and infrequent interaction. I construct 10 alternative measures of social interaction and separately examine the effect of each on the rates of three serious crimes across 60 urban neighborhoods. Findings suggest that type of interaction matters. Getting together once a year or more with neighbors has the most consistent and generally strongest effect on burglary, motor vehicle theft, and robbery. Further this form of interaction mediates a significant proportion of the effect of ecological characteristics on community crime. Implications for community crime research are discussed.     

Why a Jury Trial is More Like a Movie Than a Novel

This essay is concerned to note the way in which successful trial advocacy seems to stem from the ability to convert legal discourse into a story form. These stories need to be ones with which a jury is familiar. These increasingly come from visual media, particularly film. It looks in detail at one trial where this process of relating a defence to the jury employed the structure of a Mafia film. The essay concludes by examining the reasons why the nature of the novel differs significantly from that of the film and how in the novel-to-film adaptation process a certain simplification is bound to occur.     

Remembering 1968 in Mexico: Elena Poniatowska's La noche de Tlatelolco as Documentary Narrative

This article considers Elena Poniatowska's La noche de Tlatelolco [ Massacre in Mexico ] as an example of documentary narrative. It examines the narrative strategies she uses to articulate a tripartite interpretation of the events of 2 October 1968. First, it argues that Poniatowska's text represents the Tlatelolco massacre as a crime against humanity constituted by multiple abuses of human rights. Second, the text is shown to expose the cover-up that occurred as a result of the deliberate manipulation of information by the Mexican state. Third, from a more positive perspective, it is argued that the text represents Tlatelolco as a milestone in the ongoing struggle for democracy. Overall, attention is drawn to the importance of Poniatowska's text in the construction of cultural memory as a counter to official history in narrative representations of this particular trauma in Mexican history.