New Executives from Inside or Outside? The Effect of Executive Replacement on Organizational Change

This article investigates how executive succession influences the comprehensiveness of structural changes pursued by public organizations. Executive successions are important events for organizations that provide salient opportunities for introducing organizational change, yet little research has analyzed this relationship. The author argues that the less familiarity a new executive has with the organization and the field in which it works, the more likely it is that comprehensive organizational change will take place. Empirical results from quantitative analyses of executive succession events in Danish municipalities from 1984 to 2000 confirm this. Interestingly, the degree to which new practices are legitimized moderates the findings. Inside successors are more likely to conduct comprehensive structural changes after new practices receive normative and regulatory legitimacy. The article contributes to the literature on executive succession by highlighting how it is an antecedent to different types of organizational change. Contributions to practitioner and public management research are discussed.     

跨WTO体制的规则冲突及其解决路径

越来越多的国际条约包含贸易限制措施,这些贸易限制措施被用来追求各种非贸易目标或价值,比如环境、人权、劳工标准等,这种做法将增加WTO规则与其他国际法规则之间相互冲突的可能性。但是,国际法中还找不到任何明确的方法以确定贸易法与人权法、环境法或海洋法等的关系。不过,WTO规则与其他国际法规则之间跨体制的规则冲突仍可通过协调一致的解释而避免,这是因为WTO的规定中经常使用一般的、广泛的条款,为其解释留下了余地,使WTO裁决机构得以考虑到其他国际义务。在解释WTO的规定时,可采用国际法推定为不冲突的方法避免冲突;在明显可看出一个WTO协定的用语具有演变的意义、带有一些内在弹性时,还可以考虑使用演变解释的方法。