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Although marriage is associated with a plethora of adult outcomes, its causal status remains controversial in the absence of experimental evidence. We address this problem by introducing a counterfactual life‐course approach that applies inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) to yearly longitudinal data on marriage, crime, and shared covariates in a sample of 500 high‐risk boys followed prospectively from adolescence to age 32. The data consist of criminal histories and death records for all 500 men plus personal interviews, using a life‐history calendar, with a stratified subsample of 52 men followed to age 70. These data are linked to an extensive battery of individual and family background measures gathered from childhood to age 17 — before entry into marriage. Applying IPTW to multiple specifications that also incorporate extensive time‐varying covariates in adulthood, being married is associated with an average reduction of approximately 35 percent in the odds of crime compared to nonmarried states for the same man. These results are robust, supporting the inference that states of marriage causally inhibit crime over the life course. 相似文献
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ZYGMUNT BAUMAN AMARTYA SEN CHRIS PATTEN JACK GREENBERG JOSE RAMOS‐HORTA ROBERT MCNAMARA CORETTA SCOTT KING JUAN ARQUILLA DAVID RONFELDT PAUL KENNEDY FRANCIS FUKUYAMA MADELEINE ALBRIGHT LAURA D'ANDREA TYSON C. FRED BERGSTEN BENAZIR BHUTTO GRAHAM FULLER BENJAMIN NETANYAHU ARTHUR SCHLESINGER JR. HERBERT BIX JUNICHIRO KOIZUMI PAUL WOLFOWITZ SHINTARO ISHIHARA GRO HARLEM BRUNDTLAND VLADIMIR PUTIN WE JINGSHENG LAURENCE MEYER HALIT REFIG 《新观察季刊》2008,25(1):12-13
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We examine the role of gender in legal decision making by applying critical mass theory to the U.S. federal district courts. We analyze whether behavioral differences manifest themselves in the decision‐making proclivities of male and female judges, contingent on the existence of a critical mass of female judges at a court point (i.e., each city in which a district court is located). Our results indicate that women jurists exhibit distinctive behavior in certain cases when there is a critical mass of women at a court point. These differences are most significant in criminal justice cases; modest differences between men and women are also identified in civil rights and liberties cases. Gender is not significant in labor and economic regulation cases. These findings suggest that the increasing presence of women on the federal bench could have substantial policy ramifications in the American polity. 相似文献
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ROBERT J. SAMPSON 《犯罪学》1983,21(2):276-293
This study examines the relationship between neighborhood structural density and rates of robbery and assault victimization. A theoretical framework linking defensible-space theory with an opportunity model of predatory criminal victimization suggests that structural density has a positive relationship with victimization, independent of victim characteristics. This perspective is compared to recent empirical and theoretical works that argue that denisty has either no relationship or an inverse relationship to crime. Hypotheses are tested with National Crime Survey victimization data for the years 1973 to 1978. The results support the major hypothesis and s h that structural density is positively related to rates of robbery and assault victimization, controlling for age, race, and sex of victim, and for extent of urbanization. Surprisingly, the positive relationship between structural density and victimization is stronger in rural areas than in urban areas. 相似文献
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