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41.
A sensitive and reproducible method for the quantitative determination of cathinone (CTN), norpseudoephedrine (NPE, cathine) and norephedrine (NE) from hair was developed. The compounds were extracted for 4 hours with phosphate buffer pH 2.0, followed by a standard solid phase extraction procedure on a mixed phase column, derivatization with heptafluorobutyric anhydride (HFBA) and GC-MS separation and quantification using D(3)-ephedrine (D(3)-E) and alpha-aminoacetophenone (AAP) as the internal standards. The diastereomers NPE and NE were satisfactorily separated. In the validation, the limits of detection and of quantification were determined at 0.03-0.08 ng/mg and 0.10-0.24 ng/mg, respectively and the interday standard deviation was between 10 and 15%. The method was applied to hair samples of 24 Yemenite khat chewers. All three compounds were detected in 23 of these cases. The concentrations ranged from 0.57 to 23.9 ng/mg for NPE, 0.19-25.0 ng/mg for NE and 0.11-22.7ng/mg for CTN. A highly significant correlation was found between the self-reported data about the khat consumption habits of the volunteers (4-56h chewing per week) and the concentrations of norephedrine and norpseudoephedrine in hair. 相似文献
42.
Authentic hair samples from Cannabis users and a drug free hair sample which was separately spiked with tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD) or cannabinol (CBN) were exposed outside as well as to natural sunlight at prevailing and elevated humidity in quartz glass tubes during 8 weeks. In addition, authentic and spiked hair samples were exposed to xenon arc radiation in a light exposure cabinet for 24 hours. Stability of THC, CBD and CBN in authentic samples differed from that of the spiked hair. The radiation experiment revealed that CBN could not be measured in hair which had been spiked with THC. Under all conditions chosen the concentrations of THC, CBD and CBN decreased. At high humidity the concentrations declined more rapidly. In both authentic and spiked samples THC was most unstable compared to CBD and CBN. Therefore, in hair analysis determination of CBD and CBN seems promising to detect Cannabis exposure even under unfavorable conditions. 相似文献
43.
Rainer Eising 《Politische Vierteljahresschrift》2004,45(4):494-518
The access of interest groups to EU institutions is often analyzed because biased access might lead to biased policies. Contrary to analyses that pay attention only to the exchange of expertise in EU politics for an explanation of interest group access, the article highlights the role of organisational, sectoral, and systemic factors. These shape the contact patterns of interest groups with EU institutions. It draws on original data based on a survey of 800 German, British, French and EU business associations. Ordinal regressions identify as general features of EU political processes not only the exchange of expertise, but also the pronounced division of labor among EU associations and national associations as well as the privileged access of resourceful interest groups. They also present evidence that the Council, the European Commission, and the European Parliament have quite different criteria for consulting interest groups. 相似文献
44.
Rainer Eising 《管理》2004,17(2):211-245
The article analyzes how business interests responded to European integration. It draws on survey data of eight hundred German, French, British, and European Union (EU) trade associations as well as thirty-four large firms. The argument is that the multilevel governance approach to European integration captures the realities of EU interest intermediation better than neofunctionalism and intergovernmentalism. The article suggests that the strategies of interest organizations depend mainly on their location in the EU multilevel system and on their governance capacities. I distinguish two kinds of governance capacities: negotiation capacities and organizational resources. The analysis proceeds in the following steps: After outlining the three theories of European integration and presenting their implications for interest groups, a brief overview of the relative importance for interest organizations of EU and national institutions over time is provided. Then, cluster analysis techniques serve to identify types of interest groups according to their lobbying strategies in the multilevel system: niche organizations, occasional players, traditionalists, EU players, and multilevel players are distinguished. The composition of these clusters and the characteristics of their members support the multilevel governance approach and indicate that multilevel players have greater governance capacities than organizations in the other clusters. 相似文献
45.
For many years, the U.S. Government has encouraged the transfer of technologies developed through taxpayer funded endeavors to the commercial sector of the U.S. economy. The Regional Technology Applications Board, based at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, is an organization with technology transfer responsibilities. The Board receives technology transfer assistance (TTA) requests from many private-sector firms. The Board relies heavily on a problem statement from the requestor of technology assistance in determining an appropriate solution to the requestor's needs. However, the problem statements contained in these requests are often vague, ambiguous, or repetitive. This study reports on a method developed to analyze and classify problem statements that have been received by the Board so that additional understanding of the nature of these problems is obtained. One thousand one hundred past problem statements were analyzed using a content analysis method. The hierarchical classification structure developed during this project includes classes, sub-classes, and sub-sub-classes, allowing for differentiation of problem statements based upon key elements contained within the statements. Previously, no method for analysis and classification of problem statements had been documented. The results of the study indicate that problem statements can be analyzed and classified. The problem statement classification structure created through this project provides a vehicle for problem statement assignment, thereby lending additional form to the problem definition process. The study also provides an understanding of the frequency and distribution of TTA problem statements received by the Board. 相似文献
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48.
Margit Wiesner Rainer K. Silbereisen Karina Weichold 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2008,37(5):537-551
This study examined concurrent and lagged effects of deviant peer association on levels of alcohol use for distinctive trajectories
of drinking from ages 14–18 years, while controlling for age, paternal education, community size, and conduct problems. Longitudinal
data were available from a secondary data archive of male and female German adolescents (N = 1,619). Conditional latent growth mixture modeling analysis indicated consistent concurrent effects of deviant peer association
(specified as time-varying covariate) on alcohol use for the regular users group, but not any of the other drinking trajectory
groups. Very few lagged effects of deviant peers association on alcohol use were found, and thus the social influence hypothesis
received little empirical support. Overall, findings suggest the need to consider heterogeneity in the study of peer characteristics
and alcohol use for both male and female adolescents.
Dr. Margit Wiesner received her Doctoral degree in 1999 from the Friedrich Schiller University of Jena (Germany) and currently is Assistant Professor in the Department of Educational Psychology at the University of Houston. Research interests include developmental trajectories of offending and other problem behaviors, and psychosocial transitions during adolescence and young adulthood. Dr. Rainer K. Silbereisen received his Doctoral degree in 1975 from the Technical University of Berlin (Germany) and currently is Professor and Chair of the Department of Developmental Psychology at the Friedrich-Schiller-University (FSU) of Jena. He is also Director of the Center for Applied Developmental Science at FSU. His main research interests concern human development across the life-span, particularly concerning adolescence and early adulthood. He has directed several longitudinal projects on problem behavior in adolescence, effects of early adversities on the timing of psychosocial transitions, the impact of social change on adolescent development, acculturation among immigrants, and bio-behavioral aspects of adolescent development. Dr. Karina Weichold received her Doctoral degree in 2002 from the Friedrich Schiller University of Jena (Germany) and currently is Assistant Professor in the Department of Developmental Psychology at the Friedrich-Schiller-University (FSU) of Jena. Her research topics include adolescent alcohol consumption in times of social change, biopsychosocial mechanisms of maladaptation during puberty and adolescence, and interventions for adolescent problem behavior. 相似文献
Karina WeicholdEmail: |
Dr. Margit Wiesner received her Doctoral degree in 1999 from the Friedrich Schiller University of Jena (Germany) and currently is Assistant Professor in the Department of Educational Psychology at the University of Houston. Research interests include developmental trajectories of offending and other problem behaviors, and psychosocial transitions during adolescence and young adulthood. Dr. Rainer K. Silbereisen received his Doctoral degree in 1975 from the Technical University of Berlin (Germany) and currently is Professor and Chair of the Department of Developmental Psychology at the Friedrich-Schiller-University (FSU) of Jena. He is also Director of the Center for Applied Developmental Science at FSU. His main research interests concern human development across the life-span, particularly concerning adolescence and early adulthood. He has directed several longitudinal projects on problem behavior in adolescence, effects of early adversities on the timing of psychosocial transitions, the impact of social change on adolescent development, acculturation among immigrants, and bio-behavioral aspects of adolescent development. Dr. Karina Weichold received her Doctoral degree in 2002 from the Friedrich Schiller University of Jena (Germany) and currently is Assistant Professor in the Department of Developmental Psychology at the Friedrich-Schiller-University (FSU) of Jena. Her research topics include adolescent alcohol consumption in times of social change, biopsychosocial mechanisms of maladaptation during puberty and adolescence, and interventions for adolescent problem behavior. 相似文献
49.
Karina Weichold Sabine Büttig Rainer K. Silbereisen 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2008,37(9):1123-1133
Individuation, a process whereby adolescents gain autonomy from their parents while maintaining emotional relatedness, is
displayed by characteristic styles of verbal exchanges. Negotiating this developmental transition is often stressful for adolescents
and their parents. This study deals with the association between pubertal timing, communication behaviors, and stress reactivity
assessed during young females’ conflict discussions with their mothers. A sample of N = 32 girls (age 9–13, T1) was grouped by pubertal timing. Years later (age 17–22, T2) they were followed up and videotapes
of daughter–mother conflict discussions were evaluated. Salivary alpha-amylase was used to assess the stress reactivity. Results
revealed that young women who had entered puberty early were higher in striving for control and separation in interactions
with their mothers, and displayed higher stress levels. These results pointed to less successful individuation in late adolescence/young
adulthood compared to on-time and late maturing age mates.
Karina Weichold is an Assistant Professor of Developmental Psychology, University of Jena, Germany. Received PhD in 2002 from the University of Jena, Germany. Major research interests: Development of problem behaviors and positive adaptation during adolescence in times of social change, with focus on biopsychosocial risk and protective mechanisms, and application of findings on prevention and promotion programs. Sabine Büttig is a Clinical Psychologist working at the Hospital Weinsberg, Germany. Received PhD in 2007 from the University of Jena, Germany. Major research interests: Long-term consequences of inter-individual differences during puberty. Rainer K. Silbereisen is a Professor and Head of the Department of Developmental Psychology, and Director of the Center for Applied Developmental Science (CADS), University of Jena, Germany. He is also Adjunct Professor of Human Development and Family Studies at the Pennsylvania State University (USA). Received PhD in 1975 from the Technical University of Berlin, Germany. Major research interests: Interdisciplinary large scale research on the role of social change in positive and maladaptive human development, utilizing a cross-cultural and biopsychosocial format. 相似文献
Rainer K. SilbereisenEmail: |
Karina Weichold is an Assistant Professor of Developmental Psychology, University of Jena, Germany. Received PhD in 2002 from the University of Jena, Germany. Major research interests: Development of problem behaviors and positive adaptation during adolescence in times of social change, with focus on biopsychosocial risk and protective mechanisms, and application of findings on prevention and promotion programs. Sabine Büttig is a Clinical Psychologist working at the Hospital Weinsberg, Germany. Received PhD in 2007 from the University of Jena, Germany. Major research interests: Long-term consequences of inter-individual differences during puberty. Rainer K. Silbereisen is a Professor and Head of the Department of Developmental Psychology, and Director of the Center for Applied Developmental Science (CADS), University of Jena, Germany. He is also Adjunct Professor of Human Development and Family Studies at the Pennsylvania State University (USA). Received PhD in 1975 from the Technical University of Berlin, Germany. Major research interests: Interdisciplinary large scale research on the role of social change in positive and maladaptive human development, utilizing a cross-cultural and biopsychosocial format. 相似文献
50.
This review of Patten’s Equal Recognition suggests that minority rights can be grounded either in cultural accommodation rights or collective self-government rights. I defend four propositions: (1) individuals’ interests in membership in political communities cannot be reduced to their interests in being able to pursue their own conceptions of the good; (2) liberal states do not have to extend neutrality as equal treatment to self-government claims that intersect with their own jurisdiction; (3) claims for the establishment of public languages and territorial autonomy need to be justified on the basis of self-government rights rather than on grounds of equal treatment of cultural identities; (4) as a condition for their admission, immigrants can be expected to waive collective self-government rights rather than cultural protection rights. 相似文献