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61.
A simple, reliable, and relatively accurate method for estimating the time since death is described. It is based on the Triple-Exponential Formulae (TEF), which are devised for the first time in this study. The postmortem cooling rate of the brain, liver, and rectum in 117 forensic cases were investigated (Part I). The method can be used in the field as a computer program, reference graph, or reference chart-ruler. The program is simple and can easily be run by any user. There are six reference graphs representing the average brain, liver, and rectal cooling curves for naked and covered body groups. The ruler is designed for the rectal cooling curves for covered and naked bodies. This method requires one temperature measurement of the chosen body site and the environment. The postmortem interval is estimated as a probable value +/- a possible range of time estimates with a built-in confidence limit. 相似文献
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Much recent research and debate in criminology have centered around how to conceptualize and model longitudinal sequences
of delinquent and criminal acts committed by individuals. Two approaches dominate this controversy. One originates in thecriminal careers paradigm, which emphasizes a potentialheterogeneity of offending groups in the general population—thus leading to a distinction between incidence and prevalence of criminal offending, a focus on
the onset, persistence, and desistence of criminal careers, and the possibility that criminals are a distinctive group with
constant high rates of offending. Another approach places criminal events within a broader context ofstudies of the life course by explicitly substituting the conceptualization of “social events” for that of “criminal careers”. With respect to analytical
models, this approach emphasizes a potentialheterogeneity of offenders with respect to order of criminal events from first to second to higher orders and thus suggests an analysis of the “risks” or “hazards” of offending by order of
offense. Some extant commentaries on the criminal careers and life course approaches to conceptualizing and modeling longitudinal
sequences of delinquent and criminal events committed by individuals have emphasized their differences and incompatibilities.
In contrast, we apply recently developed semiparametric mixed Poisson regression techniques to develop conditions under which
the two conceptual/modeling approaches are formally equivalent. We also modify the semiparametric mixed Poisson regression
model of criminal careers to incorporate information on order of the delinquent/criminal event and develop an empirical application.
This modification demonstrates the complementarity of the criminal careers and life course approaches, even though they have
somewhat different foci. 相似文献
64.
Silvia Dullinger Susanne Augenhofer Rainer Hüttemann Wilhelm Brauneder Reinhold Beiser Josef W. Aichlreiter Rummel 《Juristische Bl?tter》2007,129(10):675-680
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
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Marco van der Land 《Citizenship Studies》2014,18(3-4):423-434
During the last decade, the phenomenon of citizen watches has become a common and meaningful element in citizen participation that aims to improve local public safety. This paper discusses citizen watches as a manifestation of the way citizens and state agencies are redefining and transforming their relationships. It examines the question of the extent to which citizen watches can be seen as examples of good citizenship. The Dutch government is currently appealing strongly for more citizen involvement in public matters, but is unclear about the kind of involvement it expects. The paper argues that citizen watches are mainly considered manifestations of ‘good citizenship’ by the government if they are set up in line with state objectives and are willing to serve as an auxiliary of the formal authorities in the neighborhood. Many citizen watches are therefore products of self-responsibilization processes, which have not yet received much academic attention. 相似文献
68.
Rainer Diaz-Bone 《Berliner Journal für Soziologie》2007,17(4):489-509
Pierre Bourdieu and co-workers have analyzed markets as social fields. In the article I argue that the analyses done by Bourdieu cannot grasp the production of ?quality“ and ?worth“ in markets. This form of analyses fails also in recognizing that markets are differentiated spheres, whereby quality conventions are one principle therefore. ?Quality“ is related to field structure in a reductionist way. The critic of the concepts of field and habitus in France is introduced. The workings of Luc Boltanski and Laurent Thévenot as well as the associated approach of ?Economics of convention“ (EC) are used to compensate the identified gaps in the Bourdieuian approach to market analysis. The articles aims to sketch out how a combination of both approaches can open a research perspective for the sociological analysis of markets. The concept of quality conventions plays a pivotal role. It is related to the concept of field and combined with it. An illustrating example is given. 相似文献
69.
This study aims to (1) explore perceptions of property crime at the neighborhood level and their correlates based on a random sample from Guangzhou, China and (2) assess the applicability of collective efficacy theory in contemporary urban China. Since the data used in this study are multilevel and the dependent variable is dichotomous, a generalized hierarchical linear model was used for analysis of the data. This study reveals that both community structural variables (residential stability and poverty) and community process variables (social ties, collective efficacy and semi-formal control) were found to affect individuals’ perceptions of neighborhood property crime in Guangzhou. However, communities in Guangzhou are different from those in big cities in the US. This is evidenced by several findings in this study: (1) poorer communities in Guangzhou were not associated with lower levels of formal and informal control; (2) communities with higher levels of residential mobility were neither linked to higher levels of poverty nor disorganization; and (3) the correlation between residential stability and perceived neighborhood property crime was not mediated by community processes. 相似文献
70.