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61.
Jennifer?A.?FredricksEmail author Jacquelynne?S.?Eccles 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2005,34(6):507-520
In this article, we test: (a) the relation between school-based extracurricular participation and indicators of positive and
negative development across a range of activity contexts, and (b) a mediation model linking activity participation, prosocial
peers, and development. Extensive survey information was collected from a predominately White sample of middle class adolescents
in 9th, 10th, and 12th grades. Extracurricular participation was related to more favorable academic, psychological, and behavioral
adjustment; the pattern of findings differed by activity and outcome. In addition, we documented some support for the hypothesis
that the link between extracurricular participation and positive adjustment is partly a function of associating with a prosocial
peer group. Implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are presented.
Assistant Professor of Human Development, Connecticut College. Received her PhD in 1999 from the University of Michigan. Major
research interests include motivation, school engagement, extracurricular participation, and adolescent development.
MacKeachie Collegiate Psychology Professor, University of Michigan. Received PhD in 1974 from the UCLA. Recent work focuses
on ethnicity and the transitions from middle childhood to adolescence and into adulthood. 相似文献
62.
63.
Diane?Carlson?JonesEmail author Joy?K.?Crawford 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2005,34(6):629-636
This research evaluated a dual pathway model for body dissatisfaction among adolescent boys. The study provides empirical
support for the importance of distinguishing between weight and muscularity concerns in understanding male body image. A total
of 128 boys from grades 8 and 11 completed a self-report questionnaire. Results indicated that weight and muscularity concerns
each made unique contributions to body dissatisfaction and were associated with distinct individual and peer context characteristics.
Weight concern was associated with elevated BMI and more frequent appearance conversations with friends. Muscularity concern
was significantly greater among boys who reported more frequent muscle-building conversations, had lower BMI, and were older.
The results support the importance of distinguishing between and assessing both muscularity and weight concerns in the development
of body image dissatisfaction among adolescent boys. 相似文献
64.
65.
This article focuses upon the utilisation of film evidence in criminal proceedings. It describes and evaluates the historical
deployment of this type of material at War Crimes Trials, with particular emphasis upon the International Military Tribunal
established at Nuremberg, in 1945, in the wake of the Second World War. During this Trial, the prosecution placed reliance
upon the film, Nazi Concentration Camps, depicting with graphic realism the horrific barbarism of the Nazi regime. However, this was only made possible by the implementation
of innovatory evidential procedures, effectively circumventing the hearsay rule. A comparison is drawn between this, and the
current position in England and Wales, following the recent relaxation of the traditional embargo upon hearsay evidence. However,
film evidence of the type adduced at Nuremberg may be more prejudicial than probative and should such circumstances arise,
the interests of justice may not truly be served.
Susan Twist is Senior Lecturer in Law at the Lancashire Law School, University of Central Lancashire. smtwist@uclan.ac.uk. The author was assisted in research for this article by the dissertation of Kellie Goggins. 相似文献
66.
67.
Although representative payeeship is prevalent among people with mental illness and shows promise to positively influence
clinically relevant outcomes, research also suggests this legal mechanism could be implemented in ways that are problematic.
The current study examined whether family representative payeeship was associated with elevated risk of family violence perpetrated
by persons with severe mental illness (SMI). Data were collected every 4 months for 1 year in structured interviews with N
= 245 persons with SMI who received disability benefits. Multivariate analyses showed that substance abuse, history of violence,
frequency of family contact, and family representative payeeship were associated with elevated odds of family violence. Analyses
also showed family contact and family representative payeeship had a cumulative effect on increasing the predicted probability
of family violence (controlling for covariates such as violence history and substance abuse). The data shed light on the potential
for family representative payeeship to be associated with increased risk of interpersonal conflict and violence in SMI. 相似文献
68.
Jurors in negligence cases are supposed to judge a defendant by the reasonableness of his or her conduct and not by the consequences
of that conduct. But several studies have shown that a cognitive heuristic known as hindsight bias can skew post hoc judgments of some prior behavior. Thus, jurors who must evaluate the actions of a defendant may be influenced inappropriately
by the consequences of those actions. A complementary problem arises when jurors must evaluate the injuries incurred by the
plaintiff. Here, jurors' knowledge about the defendant's allegedly negligent conduct can proactively influence their assessment
of the plaintiff's injuries and determination of damages. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effectiveness
of two procedural techniques intended to reduce or eliminate the impact of hindsight bias in negligence cases—multiple admonitions
from a judge about the proper use of evidence—and bifurcation (actually withholding irrelevant evidence from jurors). We presented
a re-enacted automobile negligence trial to 355 jury-eligible adults drawn from the community, varied the evidence and instructions
that they heard, and measured liability judgments and damage awards from individual jurors both before and after deliberating,
and from juries. Results showed that admonitions were generally ineffective in guiding jurors to the proper use of evidence
but that bifurcation was relatively more effective. Deliberations had no curative effect on jurors' misapplication of evidence. 相似文献
69.
70.
This article looks at the potential for legal action brought by prisoners (and their dependants) who have suffered from the alleged neglect of the prison authorities. The article will examine the case law in this area to assess the success of prisoners’ negligence claims and whether such claims are unduly fettered by judicial attitudes and other more practical issues such as the difficulty in establishing a breach of duty. In particular the article will consider whether the law and its application has been, or should be, modified in the light of new obligations imposed on public authorities, including the courts, by the Human Rights Act 1998 and by the developing case law of the European Court of Human Rights in respect of Convention rights such as the right to life and freedom from inhuman and degrading treatment. 相似文献