Technology management

A recent assessment by the American Computer and Business Equipment Manufactures Association predicted that by the turn of the century three out of every four jobs in the industrial world and an increasing proportion in developing countries are likely to involve the use of VDUs. Richard Dedman and Gary Freer examine the legal implications of this development for employers, manufacturers and suppliers.     

Smugglers’ blues: Airport drug investigations

This article examines the Fourth Amendment problems inherent in detaining and searching commercial air travelers for smuggled drugs. Considered are problems involving the drug courier’s profile, the levels of encounters involved in the investigations, and canine sniffs of luggage.     

Living legal fictions: constituting the state or submerging the signifier?

This is an inquiry into the ways the state is constituted as an effective legal fiction. It is based on the premise that the state was not constituted, once and for all, some three centuries ago (as Bourdieu suggests) but that the existence of the state relies on continuing legal and social processes. The focus is on the translation from the legal to the social, specifically the semiotic interaction between law, space and daily life in the dynamics of this on-going mise en scène. This requires re-thinking a number of semiotic issues: first, Lefebvre’s challenge to a semiotics which neglects the place of the material (body, space) and, second, a challenge to Lefebvre’s assertions that the state operates in a realm of freedom in switching ‘at will’ between codes. Third, it is possible to question the conditions by which the state operates as a ‘floating signifier’, which maintains its domination by overwhelming us with its excess meanings. The inquiry proceeds by analysing the legal semiotics of space in different settings: the axis as an expression of legal and state power, from the courtroom to the capital city (Rome, Washington, Canberra), and street names with legal referents (Montréal and Mexico City, in addition to the above). After considering these self conscious attempts at meaning-making, the article concludes that the legal constitution of the state in urban space is not determined by a single wilful semiotic regime, but (taking insights from de Certeau) is contingent upon the interpretations and enactments of people who use the spaces. Except in the controlled environments of the courtroom and the planned capital city, everyday life is continually reconstituting the meanings of law and the state.     

Toward a better understanding of racial and ethnic disparities in search and seizure rates

Recent studies demonstrated a consistent research finding that compared to Caucasian motorists, Black and Hispanic motorists were significantly more likely to be subjected to personal and/or vehicle searches during traffic stops, but significantly less likely to be found in possession of contraband. Explanations for these findings were typically based on speculation regarding officers' racial animus, bias, and discrimination. Unfortunately, very little is truly known about the reasons for these disparate patterns in police behavior. This article presents an alternative explanation for the reoccurring findings of racial/ethnic disparities in searches and seizures, based on research findings regarding the accuracy of clues of deception and suspicious behavior taught to officers through highway criminal interdiction training. These research findings are used to develop a hypothesis that could account for the patterns of racial/ethnic disparities in search rates. The implications for future research and policing policies based on this hypothesis are discussed.     

A single approach to the recovery of DNA and firearm discharge residue evidence.

The Laboratory of the Strathclyde Police Forensic Support Department extracts DNA from cellular material recovered from garments submitted as evidence. The standard method used an adhesive tape attached to a plastic or acetate support. This paper demonstrates a method whereby a single sample, recovered from clothing, can be examined for Firearm Discharge Residue and then extracted for DNA.