Reexamining the correlates of adolescent violent victimization: the importance of exposure, guardianship, and target characteristics

The present study examines the relative contributions of various theoretical constructs to violent victimization by operationalizing multiple measures of exposure to motivated offenders, guardianship, and target characteristics. Using a nationally representative sample of American adolescents, we conducted principal components factor analysis and logistic regression analysis to examine whether such measures do in fact represent empirically distinct constructs and if they are each correlated with violent victimization risk. Findings suggest that both nondelinquent and delinquent routine activities which expose adolescents to motivated offenders increase risk of victimization. In terms of guardianship, parental attachment appears to protect adolescents from victimization, although direct parental control actually increases risk. Finally, only one of four target characteristics-psychological vulnerability-was significantly associated with violent victimization risk. We discuss the implications for theory and future research in light of the findings.     

Prosecution and sentencing in relation to environmental crime: Recent socio-legal developments

This article provides an overview of recent developments in prosecution and sentencing as these pertain to environmental crime. After a brief consideration of who does what in the area of environmental regulation, the article surveys existing and emerging types of sanctions in this area. The limitations and opportunities for concerted and effective social responses to environmental crime are explored and critically assessed.     

Dissent,Litigation, and Investigation: Hitting the Powerful Where It Hurts

Environmentally harmful activity undertaken by powerful corporations receive approvals from multiple levels of government, therefore leaving the wellbeing of the environment to those individuals and organisations committed to fighting against such corporate-driven, government-backed projects. This article discusses three avenues for challenging corporate interests, drawing upon issues and events in Australia. Dissent, as illustrated by the Gunns20 case, can provide ordinary individuals with a means to democratically debate existing practices, proposals, and even the law itself. Litigation, as seen in the Carmichael mining case, can be a valuable tool in postponing environmentally disastrous activities by challenging the government’s legitimacy in approving projects that would result in environmental harm. Investigation can expose the manipulation of information presented to the public by both governments and corporations. These three areas of engagement constitute important components for effective environmental activism.     

Critiquing the regulation of private security in the United Kingdom: views from inside the sector

ABSTRACT

The UK Private Security Industry Act 2001 provided the legal mechanism for the statutory regulation of parts of the private security sector with the explicit aim of reducing criminality in the industry and raising standards. It created the Security Industry Authority as the regulator which commenced operation in 2003. Since then, it has received mixed reviews, and proposals have been forwarded to change its status and the way it works. This paper provides insights from two groups most affected by regulation: security specialists who buy security, and managers and directors of security companies who are subject to regulation and work with its strengths and weaknesses. The paper reports on their views of both the existing regime and some proposed changes. It suggests that the regulator and the industry share similar views albeit there has been a lack of emphasis on what it takes to enhance the ability of the industry to support the public generally rather than just those who pay.     

Trace Evidence Potential in Postmortem Skin Microbiomes: From Death Scene to Morgue

Microbes can be used effectively as trace evidence, at least in research settings. However, it is unknown whether skin microbiomes change prior to autopsy and, if so, whether these changes interfere with linking objects to decedents. The current study included microbiomes from 16 scenes of death in the City and County of Honolulu and tested whether objects at the scenes can be linked to individual decedents. Postmortem skin microbiomes were stable during repeated sampling up to 60 h postmortem and were similar to microbiomes of an antemortem population. Objects could be traced to decedents approximately 75% of the time, with smoking pipes and medical devices being especially accurate (100% match), house and car keys being poor (0%), and other objects like phones intermediate (~80%). These results show that microbes from objects at death scenes can be matched to individual decedents, opening up a new method of establishing associations and identifications.