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911.
912.
913.
Robert Mandel 《Intelligence & National Security》2013,28(2):194-215
In the winter 1978 issue of International Security, Raymond L. Garthoff authored a seminal article outlining common fallacies in United States government estimates of enemy intentions during the Cold War. Now, given the significant changes in threat over the past 30 years, it seems appropriate to take a fresh look at fallacies – evaluating old ones and introducing new ones – in enemy intentions estimates pertaining to post-Cold War (and post-9/11) security dangers. Based on its assessment, this article concludes that the challenges to accurate intelligence assessment of enemy intentions, and the need to move away from dysfunctional standard operating procedures, have never been higher. 相似文献
914.
Robert Bickers 《Intelligence & National Security》2013,28(4):11-36
The prime British objective in China during the Pacific War was the re-establishment of pre-war trade and influence and the recovery of Hong Kong. Through Operation ‘Remorse’ (1944–45) the Special Operations Executive covertly established a wide network of distributors and buyers throughout occupied and unoccupied China for high-value low-bulk goods and currencies, using the returns acccruing to buy influence, information, safety and food for Allied prisoners, subsidise politically problematic operations, and smooth the British path back into Hong Kong. ‘Remorse’ epitomised the concerns and demonstrated the methods of the British presence in China generally: a readiness to innovate and adapt, market sensitivity and a capacity for making unlikely local alliances, all held together through a strong focus on a fixed target – a secure China base for Sino-British trade. 相似文献
915.
916.
Matthew Adam Kocher Thomas B. Pepinsky Stathis N. Kalyvas 《American journal of political science》2011,55(2):201-218
Aerial bombardment has been an important component of counterinsurgency practice since shortly after it became a viable military technology in the early twentieth century. Due to the nature of insurgency, bombing frequently occurs in and around settled areas, and consequently it tends to generate many civilian casualties. However, the effectiveness of bombing civilian areas as a military tactic remains disputed. Using data disaggregated to the level of the smallest population unit and measured at multiple points in time, this article examines the effect of aerial bombardment on the pattern of local control in the Vietnam War. A variety of estimation methods, including instrumental variables and genetic matching, show that bombing civilians systematically shifted control in favor of the Viet Cong insurgents. 相似文献
917.
918.
Suzanne Uniacke 《Law and Philosophy》2011,30(3):253-272
Proportionality is widely accepted as a necessary condition of justified self-defense. What gives rise to this particular
condition and what role it plays in the justification of self-defense seldom receive focused critical attention. In this paper
I address the standard of proportionality applicable to personal self-defense and the role that proportionality plays in justifying
the use of harmful force in self-defense. I argue against an equivalent harm view of proportionality in self-defense, and
in favor of a standard of proportionality in self-defense that requires comparable seriousness and takes into account the
wrong, as opposed simply to the harm that the victim is fending off. I distinguish the standard of proportionality in self-defense
from proportionality in circumstances of necessity, and I discuss whether proportionality is an internal or an external constraint
on the right of self-defense. 相似文献
919.
920.
Engagement in school is crucial for academic success and school completion. Surprisingly little research has focused on the
relationship between student engagement and delinquency. This study examines whether engagement predicts subsequent school
and general misconduct among 4,890 inner-city Chicago elementary school students (mean age: 11 years and 4 months; 43.3% boys;
66.5% black; 28.8% Latino). To improve upon prior research in this area, we distinguish three types of engagement (emotional,
behavioral, and cognitive), examine whether the relationship between engagement and misconduct is bidirectional (misconduct
also impairs engagement), and control for possible common causes of low engagement and misconduct, including peer and family
relationships and relatively stable indicators of risk-proneness. Emotional and behavioral engagement predict decreases in
school and general delinquency. However, cognitive engagement is associated with increases in these outcomes. School and general
delinquency predict decreased engagement only in the cognitive domain. Suggestions for future research and implications for
policy are discussed. 相似文献