全文获取类型
收费全文 | 12215篇 |
免费 | 168篇 |
专业分类
各国政治 | 429篇 |
工人农民 | 1161篇 |
世界政治 | 605篇 |
外交国际关系 | 502篇 |
法律 | 6369篇 |
中国政治 | 19篇 |
政治理论 | 3259篇 |
综合类 | 39篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 22篇 |
2020年 | 47篇 |
2019年 | 57篇 |
2018年 | 1349篇 |
2017年 | 1293篇 |
2016年 | 1138篇 |
2015年 | 144篇 |
2014年 | 92篇 |
2013年 | 640篇 |
2012年 | 296篇 |
2011年 | 996篇 |
2010年 | 1102篇 |
2009年 | 688篇 |
2008年 | 833篇 |
2007年 | 802篇 |
2006年 | 132篇 |
2005年 | 181篇 |
2004年 | 276篇 |
2003年 | 248篇 |
2002年 | 141篇 |
2001年 | 72篇 |
2000年 | 92篇 |
1999年 | 72篇 |
1998年 | 106篇 |
1997年 | 86篇 |
1996年 | 62篇 |
1995年 | 100篇 |
1994年 | 88篇 |
1993年 | 69篇 |
1992年 | 71篇 |
1991年 | 55篇 |
1990年 | 54篇 |
1989年 | 64篇 |
1988年 | 63篇 |
1987年 | 74篇 |
1986年 | 61篇 |
1985年 | 76篇 |
1984年 | 70篇 |
1983年 | 56篇 |
1982年 | 59篇 |
1981年 | 53篇 |
1980年 | 39篇 |
1979年 | 48篇 |
1978年 | 44篇 |
1977年 | 42篇 |
1976年 | 26篇 |
1975年 | 22篇 |
1974年 | 23篇 |
1973年 | 24篇 |
1969年 | 20篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 19 毫秒
171.
Stuart Shapiro 《Policy Sciences》2008,41(1):33-49
The notice and comment rulemaking process is a fundamental part of how agencies write regulations. While this process is starting
to receive more empirical attention, the question of how the number of comments that an agency receives affects its decision-making
process has received little examination. This paper uses Boolean analysis to examine nine rules from two agencies at the Department
of Health and Human Services and evaluates the impact of a high volume of comments on agency changes to proposed rules and
the time an agency takes to finalize a proposed rule. These nine cases suggest that agencies are most likely to change their
proposals when they receive a high volume of comments on highly complex rules that are not very politically salient. Highly
complex rules are also likely to take a long time to finalize when there are many public comments however it is often other
factors that cause a long delay between proposed and final rules.
相似文献
Stuart ShapiroEmail: |
172.
The use and non-use of policy appraisal tools in public policy making: an analysis of three European countries and the European Union 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Måns Nilsson Andrew Jordan John Turnpenny Julia Hertin Björn Nykvist Duncan Russel 《Policy Sciences》2008,41(4):335-355
The increasing complexity of policy problems, coupled with the political desire to base new policies on the foundation of firm evidence, has accelerated the development of policy assessment tools. These range from complex computer models and cost benefit analysis through simple checklists and decision trees. In the last decade, many governments have established formal policy assessment systems to harness these tools in order to facilitate more evidence-based policy making. These tools are potentially widely available, but to what extent are they used by policy makers and what becomes of the evidence that they generate? This paper addresses these questions by studying the empirical patterns of tool use across 37 cases in three European countries and the European Commission. It uses a simple classification of tools into advanced, formal and simple types. It finds that even when tools are embedded in policy assessment systems, their use is differentiated and on the whole very limited, in particular when it comes to more advanced tools. It then explores these patterns from contrasting theoretical perspectives to shed light on why, when and how different policy assessment tools are used in the policy process. 相似文献
173.
174.
175.
Simon Teune 《Politische Vierteljahresschrift》2008,49(3):528-547
Research on protest and social movements has undergone a process of consolidation. However, it has lost visibility in Germany where it was in full bloom in the late 1980s and early 1990s. A review of recent scholarship shows that the analysis of protest and the concept of “social movement” is vital to understand both politics emerging “from below” and the dynamics of political processes. While the focus on societal antagonisms which was central in the interpretation of new social movements has been abandoned, historical and cultural approaches have more and more received attention. 相似文献
176.
Robert Frith 《Political studies》2008,56(1):215-236
Cosmopolitan democracy is one of the most debated models of transnational democracy. As a result of his prominence in this field, David Held has attracted much of the criticism and approval of this position. The critique and comment aimed at cosmopolitanism in general, and Held's work in particular, has provoked cosmopolitan advocates to respond, restate and develop their arguments. However, despite its considerable merit, this debate remains largely theoretical, and little has been done in terms of studying the realisation of cosmopolitanism in real-world settings. This article contributes towards the debate concerning the possibility of its actual application by mapping the principles of cosmopolitan democracy in relation to the EU polity and the issue of gender equality. It argues that the EU articulates certain cosmopolitan-comparable principles, and by studying areas where they are clearly exhibited, such as the issue of gender, that this helps us to critically evaluate their practicability and enables a response to criticisms levelled at cosmopolitan democracy. This article addresses two specific criticisms. Firstly, in view of the justiciable qualities of EU law, and its ability to give rise to formal individual rights, it is argued that claims regarding the inherently fictitious nature of cosmopolitan rights are unfounded. Secondly, while acknowledging that civic engagement takes a principally legal mode in relation to the issue of gender, this article rejects the claim that cosmopolitan democracy neglects the political aspects of citizenship. However, cosmopolitan scholars must extend their understanding of the relation between rights and the wider aspects of citizenship engagement, if they hope to realise the vision of an active citizenry that remains central to the cosmopolitan project. 相似文献
177.
Harald Schoen 《Politische Vierteljahresschrift》2008,49(1):68-91
In this paper, I examine the sources of support for Turkey’s EU-entry in the German public. I propose several models and explore their respective empirical validity using survey data gathered in May and June 2005. The analysis shows that neither trust in the federal government nor evaluations of the EU institutions play a role in attitudes toward Turkey’s bid for membership. By contrast, attitudes towards this issue are considerably affected by preferences about EU enlargement and, more strongly, by beliefs about whether Turkey at least partly belongs to Europe. Likewise, when forming attitudes towards Turkey’s bid for EU membership, Germans appear to consider the presumed consequences of including Turkey in the EU. Both East and West Germans are particularly likely to take consequences for regional security into account. The paper concludes with a discussion of several implications for German public opinion on this EU issue. 相似文献
178.
Alesina’s (Quarterly Journal of Economics 102, 651–678, 1987) influential model of presidential elections with ideologically motivated parties attributes higher growth and lower unemployment under Democratic presidents to the surprise inflation a Democratic victory entails. In contrast to the published literature, we test this hypothesis using calculations of presidential election surprises consistent with the assumption of rational economic actors. We confront the econometric complications attending a time-series approach taking into account economic growth dynamics. We ultimately fail to confirm the hypothesis that the level of uncertainty associated with presidential election results has an effect on economic outcomes. 相似文献
179.
Lee H. Igel 《Society》2008,45(6):512-514
Most people mistakenly assume that health care first became a major political issue in 1945 because President Harry S. Truman’s
special address to Congress on Nov. 19 of that year marked the first time a sitting president publicly endorsed a national
health-care program. But the question of whether—or to what extent—it is the responsibility of government to subsidize health
care for its citizens has been around for a much longer amount of time. Now that health care has become a major focus of domestic
political debate, especially in light of the impending presidential election, this article, modified from an entry in the
forthcoming Encyclopedia of Campaigns, Elections, & Electoral Behavior (Sage Publications), serves to inform the reader of the origins and history of health care as a campaign issue.
相似文献
Lee H. IgelEmail: |
180.
Richard Squires 《Society》2008,45(3):277-282
The Interstate Sprawl System is an article about the role of automobile transportation in the culture and civilization of
the USA. After demonstrating that all previous civilizations in history have gathered around trading ports, where land values
rise as the proximity to the port increases, it analyses the changes wrought by the grid system of transportation brought
on by the automobile in the USA, where land values remain fairly constant and no core trading centers can be found. These
changes include the decimation of the old port cities as well as the urbanization of rural lands. The article concludes with
an appeal to encourage inter-city rapid rail as the obvious antidote to the problem.
相似文献
Richard SquiresEmail: |