Opening the Mexican political system: Public opinion and the elections of 1994 and 1997

Over the past decade, the proliferation of election surveys has worked to undergird the electoral system in Mexico and to make electoral fraud more difficult. In the presidential elections of 1994, significant controversies arose as to survey methodologies, but by the congressional elections of 1997 the fierce debates over methodologies had subsided. Substantively, the surveys confirm the accuracy of the vote count in 1998, allow profiles of voters to be constructed for the three most important parties and mark declines in the support of the once dominant Partido Revolucionario Institucional.     

What Makes Conflict Resolution Possible?

Much of the negotiation literature emphasizes dispute resolution process, seemingly based on the assumption that resolution is indeed possible in a rational environment. The author outlines the history of transformations in social and political thought that have led to this shared assumption. However, the rationality assumption is seriously challenged in the contemporary era by terrorists and others who predicate their actions on a moral certitude that justifies their actions, no matter what the costs. Interveners perhaps should place more emphasis on changing the environment in which disputes occur, so that resolution is at least a possibility.     

Suicide in Fulton County, Georgia (1975-1984)

Demographic and trend analysis of 881 consecutive suicides in blacks and whites is presented. For the years 1975 through 1984, the suicide rate was 15.1/100 000 and did not significantly change. White males were overrepresented in all age groups, had an overall suicide rate of 34.9, and showed a small but statistically significant increase in rate which was not accounted for by any specific age group. White females, in general, were represented in proportion to their prevalence in the population, and those ages 20 to 24 demonstrated an increasing suicide rate which was small. Black males were at highest risk in their twenties, showed no significant trends, and were also represented near their prevalence in the population. Black females of all ages were underrepresented, and had low suicide rates which decreased with time. No significant rate changes were noted for teenagers or the elderly. Firearms was the method of choice in all groups, although methods varied with age, race, and sex, and male children preferred hanging. Small but significant increases were noted for the prevalence of nondrug methods in females and carbon monoxide deaths in white males. Similarities and differences to larger scale studies are discussed. Suicide may have characteristics unique to given geographical areas and pervasive to all areas. The authors advocate study and publication of local data to clarify further the nature of suicide.     

Comparative histologic and hormonal studies of the thyroid gland with special reference to sudden infant death (SIDS)

In 53 cases of death - including 12 cases of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) - where blood samples could be taken within 18 h postmortem, the thyroxines T4, FT4, T3 and FT3 were determined (ELISA and RIA). These hormone values were compared with the corresponding histological thyroid findings in 43 cases (11 SIDS, 32 controls). Nearly identical T4 and FT4 mean values were found in both groups which were within the norms. In contrast to the average values of the control group, the T3 and FT3 concentrations of the SIDS group showed an increase of 3.7-fold and 1.9-fold. Accordingly, histological examination of the SIDS group showed highly activated and extensively released follicles whereas normal colloidal-containing follicle structures were observed in nearly all control cases. The present findings indicate that neither postmortem T4 T3 conversion nor intensified agonal hormone secretion is likely to be the only cause of the increasing T3 and FT3 values. In SIDS cases chronic or recurring chronic stress situations are supposed to be the cause for the hormonal and histological thyroid findings. Some differential diagnoses are discussed. Within 18 h after death, increased concentrations of T3 and FT3, together with simultaneous colloid release, represent a diagnosis of SIDS.     

Ethics and the psychiatric determination of competency to be executed

For the last several centuries, most jurisdictions using capital punishment have had formal or informal rules that prohibit the execution of the mentally ill. In this article, the procedures for such exclusions in Florida are examined. The article begins by attempting to answer the question of why legislators and judges, at least nominally, have prohibited the execution of the mentally ill. Next, Florida's criteria for defining and procedures for excluding mentally ill prisoners are examined and found to be vague. We then turn attention to the ethical problems created by the statute and its implementation that face the participating psychiatrists and the profession. These problems are compounded because the physician's findings are not acted upon by politically neutral authorities and the inmate has no opportunity to challenge the findings with his own panel of experts. Finally, since any exclusion of the mentally ill from execution is temporary and the patient will be executed if he recovers, the dilemmas facing the treatment staff if the death sentence is not commuted to life imprisonment before treatment are discussed.