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911.
912.
This essay examines the arguments and evidence used in two recent models of the urban crisis—Edward C. Banfield'sThe Unheavenly City and Jay W. Forrester'sUrban Dynamics. Although Banfield's model is sociological and Forrester's is economic and physical, both imply that not much can be done to alleviate urban problems and that positive programs may make them worse. The authors of this critique contend that the articulation of argument and evidence is inadequate to support the implication. They advocate that promising current programs be refined on the basis of evidence and experience and that policymakers continue to search for efficient new programs through social experiments. 相似文献
913.
Robert S. Kravchuk 《Public Budgeting & Finance》2020,40(3):95-123
While Modern Monetary Theory (MMT) offers contributions that are worthy of serious consideration, some additional theory-building and synthesis with existing theory may be in order to tie MMT into the established budgeting literature. MMT focuses primarily on monetarily sovereign governments. These are governments that face extremely “soft” budget constraints insofar as they: issue and regulate the value of their own currencies, possess central banks that function as the fiscal agents of their government treasuries, are able to issue sovereign debt denominated in their domestic currency, and operate in a system of freely-floating currency exchange rates, with a minimum of currency and capital controls. National governments that are sovereign according to these criteria are able to make all debt service payments as they come due, virtually without regard to their level of outstanding debt; they cannot be forced to default against their will. They are also macroeconomically-autonomous. It is the collective position of the symposium papers that these conditions describe, in precise terms, the fiscal position of the U.S. federal government. As such, the existence of an ultra-soft U.S. government budget constraint is grounded in the extremely favorable conditions of money and credit that the federal government is subject to, and which in fact it has created and nurtured for itself since the Second World War. An important implication is that the federal level budgeting literature cannot ignore the macroeconomics and the administration of a sovereign currency regime, nor the monetary economics that ungirds it, without sustaining charges of unrealism. 相似文献
914.
While some scholars have assessed how various features of organizational structure shape intrinsic motivation, the role of budgets and, in particular, programme funding has been overlooked. To address this gap in the literature, we examine how programme funding decisions impact employee motivation. Referencing previous work, we hypothesize that funding choices that emphasize some programmes over others signal clearer organizational goals for employees, thereby increasing intrinsic motivation. In contrast, departments that do not use their budgets to signal clear goals can run the risk of reducing their employees’ intrinsic motivation. We empirically investigate this hypothesis within the context of the US Federal executive departments, constructing a longitudinal dataset (2010–15) from multiple sources. Findings support our hypothesis. Employees in departments that more evenly fund their programmes report lower levels of intrinsic motivation. 相似文献
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Based on insights garnered from rational choice theory, Loftin and McDowall hypothesize that there is likely to be a reciprocal
relationship, over time, within jurisdictions between police force strength and crime. Contrary to expectations, their ARIMA
analyses of the association between total police force employment and the total crime rate for Detriot during the period of
1926 to 1977 produce null findings. As a result, they conclude that rational choice models are too simplistic to explain the
relationship between the agency size and crime. It is our contention that this conclusion might be premature. We suggest that
a failure to disaggregate total police force employment into its component sectors may be masking substantial reciprocal effects.
The present investigation employs ARIMA techniques to model the reciprocal relationship between total, patrol, and detective
police employment and total, property, and personal, robbery crimes in Milwaukee for the years 1930 to 1987. Consistent with
previous research we report null findings between total police employment and total crime rates. However, the findings also
reveal significant reciprocal relationships between the disaggregated measures of police size and crime. The implications
of these results for rational choice theory are discussed. 相似文献
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