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152.
    
In recent years popular support for the death penalty in the US has begun to wane. This article discusses some of the reasons for this development including evidence that innocent individuals have been put to death. Other reasons involve legal debates about executing the mentally retarded, racial disparity and LWOP (Life Without Parole) as an alternative.  相似文献   
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The research reported in this paper is an examination of the self-reported systemic effects of negative campaign advertising. Subjects in a series of field experiments conducted in 1986, 1988, and 1990 were exposed to televised negative campaign advertising within several nights prior to an election. The stimulus ads were taken from those aired as part of actual election campaigns. Using aposttest only control group design the authors examined for differences between groups in terms of voter turnout, controlling for the voter interest in politics and whether the campaign was for the presidency or Senate. Support was found for the notion that negative campaign ads depressed voter turnout under some conditions. The authors also found that negative advertising may stimulate voter activity under some conditions.  相似文献   
154.
    
The politics of British policing from 1979 to 1997 was guided by ideology and political practicality. Margaret Thatcher and John Major were libertarians committed to the reduction of the British state, but in classical libertarian fashion, these considerations did not apply to criminal justice agencies, which were needed to cope with rising crime in a growing and increasingly deregulated economy. The chief theme of practical criminal justice politics was the sustained effort of the Home Office to gain greater de facto control over policing without increased de jure accountability. This was achieved by laws and by administrative measures. The Tories also imposed a distinctive libertarian style on policing through their micro-ideology of managerialism, designed to get the police to conceive themselves as economical service providers and the public as customers.  相似文献   
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156.
    
During the course of the last several decades a national trend of more contested, costly, and acrimonious judicial campaigns has emerged. In this regard, these contests have begun to take on the characteristics of races for high profile offices. During the 1980s North Carolina's elections for its court of appeals and supreme court followed these trends. The Republican Party in the state, prior to the 1980s, had generally not contested these races. However, over the course of the last decade Republicans suddenly began to challenge the Democrats for seats on the two appellate division courts, and to do so quite competitively. Just as suddenly, in 1992 there was a reversal of Republican strategy as they contested only four out of ten seats in the appellate division. This article analyzes the 1992 election cycle and its significance in relation to the aforementioned statewide and national trends.  相似文献   
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The essay is a brief, analytical history of the critical formative years of the new Russian state's foreign policy. The author argues that changes in the Russian Federation's post-Communist foreign policy take place within definable parameters. These are presented ar an analytical system with five major components: a)Russia's position on nationalism, b) level of world power ambition, c) sphere of influence, d) civilizational orientation, and, e) national political ideology. Each component is a set of competing ideas arranged along a policy spectrum. The Yeltsin administration is placed on each spectrum and is shown debating its foreign policy values with competing views. Yeltsin's foreign policy emerges as the product of an interaction between classical foreign policy analysis and domestic and international political competition. It is seen as progressively adjusting to Eurasian pressures but resisting efforts to abandon the general Western orientation it inherited from the Gorbachev era.  相似文献   
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While attention has been given to national environmental policies and the global environmental condition by scholars, and there is ample research addressing public opinion and attitudes on environmental issues, little research has focused on environment issues in communities and, specifically, on the forces within the local policy setting that shape environmental policy. This paper, based on a study of cities and counties in Florida, explores two concerns: identifying the level of commitment to environmental protection in communities; and identifying forces associated with communities prioritizing environmental protection. The author finds evidence that counties afford a high level of prioritization to environmental protection. Florida's communities appear to define the issue narrowly along the lines of water resources. The findings have theoretical relevance, as it was found that socioeconomic and “social quality of life” indicators tend to explain community environmental orientations and prioritization.  相似文献   
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Incorporating the notion of sustainability is the biggest challenge for citizenship in a technological era. Existing conceptions of citizenship have not been able to grapple with compounded ecological, economic, cultural, and moral threats facing modern technology-infused societies. Nor has increased public participation, engagement, and dialogue resolved polarized positions on issues such as what constitutes quality of life or what is meant by the integrity of nature. This paper draws on the scholarship of both sustainability and citizenship to propose a framework of sustainable citizenship that seeks to emphasize shared values through a deliberated clash of ideas. Such a framework involves a negotiation of the dialectics of rights and responsibilities, state and non-state, public and private, human and non-human nature, universal and particular, and democracy and capitalism. The paper illustrates how sustainable citizenship can be applied to deal with contentious political and policy issues of new and emerging technologies.  相似文献   
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