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921.
The Substance Abuse and Crime Prevention Act (SACPA), implemented statewide in California in July 2001, mandates drug treatment rather than incarceration for certain nonviolent drug offenders. Critics of the legislation suggest that crime increased as a result of the legislation, but researchers have largely ignored this issue. Utilizing time series methodology applied across several independent data sets from Orange County, California, the effects of SACPA on crime were assessed. Results indicate that significant increases in commercial burglaries and paraphernalia arrests may have been attributed to SACPA, but the overall pattern does not support a conclusion that crime increased markedly. 相似文献
922.
Vitacco MJ Van Rybroek GJ Rogstad JE Yahr LE Tomony JD Saewert E 《Law and human behavior》2009,33(4):308-319
Accurately predicting inpatient aggression is an important endeavor. The current study investigated inpatient aggression over
a six-month time period in a sample of 152 male forensic patients. We assessed constructs of psychopathy, anger, and active
symptoms of mental illness and tested their ability to predict reactive and instrumental aggression. Across all levels of
analyses, anger and active symptoms of mental illness predicted reactive aggression. Traits of psychopathy, which demonstrated
no relationship to reactive aggression, were a robust predictor of instrumental aggression. This study (a) reestablishes psychopathy
as a clinically useful construct in predicting inpatient instrumental aggression, (b) provides some validation for the reactive/instrumental
aggression paradigm in forensic inpatients, and (c) makes recommendations for integrating risk assessment results into treatment
interventions.
相似文献
Michael J. VitaccoEmail: |
923.
We examined the association between psychopathy, assessed using the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised: Screening Version
(Hart et al., Manual for the psychopathy checklist screening version (PCL:SV), 1995), and stalking in 61 men convicted of
stalking-related offenses. Psychopathic symptoms were rare, but their presence—especially that of affective deficit symptoms—was
associated with victimization of casual acquaintances and with several risk factors from the Guidelines for Stalking Assessment and Management (SAM) (Kropp et al., Guidelines for stalking assessment and management, 2008a), including stalking in violation of supervision
orders, degree of preoccupation with victims, and targeting of victims with limited access to external resources. The findings
suggest that in spite of their rarity, psychopathic traits may be important in the assessment and management of stalking risk.
相似文献
Stephen D. HartEmail: |
924.
James 《Computer Law & Security Report》2009,25(4):367-371
Computer-implemented inventions feature in almost every field of technology, and although improvements to computer-based devices are routinely made in software, the circumstances in which patent protection is available remains unclear. The patentability of software varies considerably from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Worryingly, there are variations in form, if not in substance, between patent offices working from the same legal source. Against the background of a sea change in the US position, there is the prospect of a clarification of the European Patent Office approach that will provide a platform for consistency in Europe. This paper focuses on the UK position, highlights the tension between the UK and the EPO and considers the key questions before the EPO's Enlarged Board of Appeal. 相似文献
925.
Alastair Ruffell Colm Donnelly Naomi Carver Eileen Murphy Emily Murray James McCambridge 《Forensic science international》2009,183(1-3):e11-e16
Geographic location, time of reporting and need for rapid evaluation contributed to a lack of intelligence concerning a suspect burial site in scrub woodland (~15 km from the last known location of a missing person) in Northern Ireland. Police received reports of a subsiding ‘grave’, which was evaluated positively using GPR and victim recovery dogs (VRD). After 24 h work, archaeological excavation showed a vertical-sided, stepped excavation on undisturbed clay with no inhumation. Subsequent research showed the feature to be an engineering trial pit. The GPR response was a water table and rocks, VRD were possibly reacting to disturbed ground. The work serves as a demonstration of good archaeological practice in suspect burial excavation, following a lack of landscape evaluation and poor overall intelligence. 相似文献
926.
Christopher J. Sullivan Jean Marie McGloin James V. Ray Michael S. Caudy 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2009,25(4):419-441
Offending specialization continues to be a subject of empirical inquiry for scholars interested in criminal careers. Early
research consistently spoke to the generality of offending profiles, but more recent work has revealed somewhat mixed findings.
These results have emerged alongside newly developed and applied methods that detect and describe offending specialization.
To what extent these methods shape divergent conclusions and/or provide overlapping insight remains unclear, however. Therefore,
the degree to which more recent inquiries are actually studying the same operational definition of specialization is unknown.
In order to consider this issue further, this study utilizes four frequently applied approaches with a single data set. The
study indicates when and where findings converge and also describes any unique insights provided by each method. The work
concludes with a discussion surrounding the utility of applying multiple strategies in assessing specialization in criminal
offending. 相似文献
927.
Most prison systems use quantitative instruments to classify and assign inmates to prison security levels commensurate to
their level of risk. Bench and Allen (The Prison Journal 83(4):367-382, 2003) offer evidence that the assignment to higher security prisons produces elevated levels of misconduct independent of the
individual’s propensity to commit misconduct. Chen and Shapiro (American Law and Economics Review, 2007) demonstrate that assignment to higher security level among inmates with the same classification scores increases post-release
recidivism. Underlying both of these claims is the idea that the prison social environment is criminogenic. In this paper
we examine the theoretical premises for this claim and present data from the only experiment that has been conducted that
randomly assigns inmates to prison security levels and evaluates both prison misconduct and post-release recidivism. The experiment’s
results show that inmates with a level III security classification who were randomly assigned to a security level III prison
in the California prison system had a hazard rate of returning to prison that was 31% higher than that of their randomly selected
counterparts who were assigned to a level I prison. Thus, the offenders’ classification assignments at admission determined
their likelihood of returning to prison. There were no differences in the institutional serious misconduct rates of these
same prisoners. These results are contradictory to a specific deterrence prediction and more consistent with peer influence
and environmental strain theories. These results also raise important policy implications that challenge the way correctional
administrators will have to think about the costs and benefits of separating inmates into homogeneous pools based on classification
scores.
Gerald G. Gaes is a criminal justice consultant and Visiting Faculty at Florida State University in the College of Criminology and Criminal Justice in the USA. He was a Visiting Scientist for the National Institute of Justice, where he was senior advisor on criminal justice research, funded by that agency. He was also Director of Research for the Federal Bureau of Prisons and retired from government service in 2002. His current research interests include prison sexual victimization, spatial data analysis of crime, cost benefit analysis of inmate programs, the impact of prison security assignment on post-release outcomes, prison privatization, evaluation methodology, inmate gangs, simulating criminal justice processes, prison crowding, prison violence, electronic monitoring of community supervision cases, and the effectiveness of prison program interventions on post-release outcomes. Scott D. Camp is a Senior Social Science Analyst at the Federal Bureau of Prisons in the USA. He joined the office in 1992 after completing his Ph.D. in Sociology at The Pennsylvania State University, USA. Much of his current research focuses on performance measurement and program evaluations. He also publishes on prison privatization, diversity issues, and inmate misconduct. 相似文献
Scott D. CampEmail: |
Gerald G. Gaes is a criminal justice consultant and Visiting Faculty at Florida State University in the College of Criminology and Criminal Justice in the USA. He was a Visiting Scientist for the National Institute of Justice, where he was senior advisor on criminal justice research, funded by that agency. He was also Director of Research for the Federal Bureau of Prisons and retired from government service in 2002. His current research interests include prison sexual victimization, spatial data analysis of crime, cost benefit analysis of inmate programs, the impact of prison security assignment on post-release outcomes, prison privatization, evaluation methodology, inmate gangs, simulating criminal justice processes, prison crowding, prison violence, electronic monitoring of community supervision cases, and the effectiveness of prison program interventions on post-release outcomes. Scott D. Camp is a Senior Social Science Analyst at the Federal Bureau of Prisons in the USA. He joined the office in 1992 after completing his Ph.D. in Sociology at The Pennsylvania State University, USA. Much of his current research focuses on performance measurement and program evaluations. He also publishes on prison privatization, diversity issues, and inmate misconduct. 相似文献
928.
While the High Court accepted that there was some similaritybetween Kenwood's new kMix mixer and the KitchenAid Artisanfood mixer (the Artisan mixer) manufactured anddistributed by Whirlpool, it rejected Whirlpool's claims fortrade mark infringement and passing off because such similaritywas insufficient to cause confusion in the mind of the averagedesign conscious consumer, or to cause detriment to the distinctivecharacter or repute of Whirlpool's mark. 相似文献
929.
James Stray Allison Holt Maxim Brevnov Lisa M. Calandro Manohar R. Furtado Jaiprakash G. Shewale 《Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series》2009,2(1):159-160
Calcified tissues, such as bone and tooth, and some other sample types, such as those containing adhesive, present a challenge to standard extraction protocols. We have developed a lysis reagent, BTA™ lysis buffer, which is designed for use with PrepFiler™ Kit reagents. The BTA™ lysis buffer disrupts calcified tissue matrices and achieves effective extraction of DNA from pulverized bone and tooth samples. In addition, the BTA™ lysis buffer mildly but efficiently extracts DNA from challenging substrates like tape, chewing gum, and cigarette butts and, as with bone and tooth, DNA from these lysates is purified using established PrepFiler™ reagent extraction protocols.We successfully extracted DNA from powdered human bone samples, chewed gum and smoked cigarettes using BTA™ lysis buffer. Extraction yields for bone, gum and cigarette samples tested were consistent and reproducible. This extraction method efficiently removed potential PCR inhibitors from all samples tested, and CT values for the internal PCR control of Quantifiler® Human DNA Quantification Kit were consistent and within the normal range. The DNA extracted from these samples also provided conclusive profiles that were free of PCR artifacts when amplified using the AmpF?STR® Identifiler® PCR Amplification Kit. The protocol is easily adapted for automation. 相似文献
930.
A developmental validation study based on recommendations of the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM) was conducted on a multiplex system of 10 Cannabis sativa short tandem repeat loci. Amplification of the loci in four multiplex reactions was tested across DNA from dried root, stem, and leaf sources, and DNA from fresh, frozen, and dried leaf tissue with a template DNA range of 10.0-0.01 ng. The loci were amplified and scored consistently for all DNA sources when DNA template was in the range of 10.0-1.0 ng. Some allelic dropout and PCR failure occurred in reactions with lower template DNA amounts. Overall, amplification was best using 10.0 ng of template DNA from dried leaf tissue indicating that this is the optimal source material. Cross species amplification was observed in Humulus lupulus for three loci but there was no allelic overlap. This is the first study following SWGDAM validation guidelines to validate short tandem repeat markers for forensic use in plants. 相似文献