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181.
Samuel S. Lieberman 《公共行政管理与发展》1985,5(2):109-127
This paper examines the implementation of the Employment Guarantee Scheme (EGS), the large scale rural works programme in operation since 1974 in the Indian state of Maharashtra. The analysis of programme management and execution of individual EGS projects draws on the experiences and observations of the unique cadre of employment officers, from different departments, with field-level responsibilities. The first section of the paper describes the organization which administers EGS and reviews the body of directives which guides EGS field operations. Subsequent sections discuss the background characteristics of field functionaries and focus on various problems encountered and solutions adopted by these officers in implementing EGS projects. The discretionary powers enjoyed by field officers as a result of the absence or impracticality of government guidelines for many issues influence the implementation of the project and make officials vulnerable to political pressures. The implications of this discretion need to be recognized by the Government of Maharashtra. Knowledge gained from EGS operations needs to be used to prepare officials for project work. 相似文献
182.
Martin Oteng-Ababio Ebenezer Owusu-Sekyere Samuel Twumasi Amoah 《Journal of contemporary African studies : JCAS》2017,35(3):349-369
Though debates about the negative impact landfill exerts on land and property values are by no means historically new, research into the case of developing countries has only recently begun. This article attempts to synthesise existing literature on the subject through the analysis of three case studies to enhance our understanding, especially the contextual conditions surrounding the relationship. Applying this theoretical framework to the disposal practices occurring in three cities in Ghana, this article offers insight into the culpability of landfills in negatively impacting property values. In an illuminating analysis, we argue that most engineered landfills in the country serve as a catalyst in correcting the ills of uncontrolled urbanisation (governance, attitudinal and financial constraints, etc.). We opine that landfills’ relationship with host communities must be understood in relation to our overall underdevelopment, coupled with the increasing economic and technical challenges shaping much of the country’s history. 相似文献
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184.
Like many developing countries Ecuador has experienced extensive urbanization in the pase twenty-five years as well as a shift
in the pattern of rural population change between the 1960s and 1970s. Rural places with difficult access to cities (without
roads and located far from cities) gained population during the 1960s but lost population during the 1970s. Rural places with
easy access to cities (i.e., located near cities or on all-weather roads) continued to gain population during the 1970s. The
explanation for the differential ability of rural places to retain their population during the 1970s focuses on increases
in labor circulation by peasants and growth in the numbers of small, urban-oriented manufacturing and agricultural enterprises
in accessible rural areas. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of these findings for policies to reduce
rates of rural-urban migration.
Tom Rudel is an associate professor in the Departments of Human Ecology and Sociology at Rutgers University. He recently publishedSituations and Strategies in American Land Use Planning (Cambridge, 1989) and is at work on a study of deforestation and development in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Sam Richards is a
graduate student in the Sociology Department at Rutgers University. He is currently carrying out NSF supported dissertation
research on the Catholic Church and socioeconomic development in Eduator. 相似文献
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186.
James Samuel Johnson 《Asian Security》2013,9(3):215-216
ABSTRACTThis article argues that current passive and static conceptualizations of Chinese approaches to nuclear and conventional deterrence are no longer appropriate. Recent evidence indicates that these postures are far more integrated, flexible, and dynamic than Beijing’s official rhetoric suggests, and that during the past decade a de facto shift toward a limited nuclear war-fighting posture has already taken place. By applying an International Relations (IR) structural-realist lens to conceptualize a relatively under-researched discourse that relates to recent indications that China is contemplating the deployment of nuclear weapons for war-fighting (or victory-denial) purposes. A radical doctrinal shift of this kind (or even the perception of one) could presage a paradigm shift in China’s long-standing nuclear posture and the nuclear balance in Asia. 相似文献
187.
Samuel Kariuki 《South African Journal of International Affairs》2013,20(1):99-114
The fact that both South Africa and Namibia achieved democratic rule through a process of negotiation, rather than revolution, has had implications for the land reform programmes being implemented by both countries. The author suggests that land hunger has not been addressed and that while compromise on the issue has enabled political stability to date, this may not last. 相似文献
188.
Samuel Day Fassbinder 《Capitalism Nature Socialism》2015,26(3):118-120
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190.
After almost a decade of passivity, Russian workers are once again striking. For the first time since the 1990s, labor unrest has spread across the country, affecting foreign and domestic investors, well-to-do industrial and natural-resource enterprises and infrastructural installations. But unlike in the 1990s, these strikes have accompanied an economic boom, suggesting that patterns of Russian labor unrest are beginning to resemble those in other countries. Analysis of several recent strikes, meanwhile, suggests the early emergence of a new labor proto-movement, characterized by feelings of entitlement and injustice that stem in part from government rhetoric, while pushed into opposition by the state's refusal to accommodate genuine labor mobilization. 相似文献