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41.
Federalism was a major political issue in 1995 and 1996 withpresidential candidates, congressional leaders, governors, andthe courts weighing in with proposals to shift responsibilityfrom Washington to states and localities. There was more talkthan action, but as the second session of the 104th Congresswound down in the late summer, a major proposal to block grantthe 61-year old Aid to Families with Dependent Children programwas enacted. This enactment allowed both Democrats and Republicansto take political credit, and gave major responsibilities tothe states to implement the new approach to a former entitlementprogram. Five themes characterized the year: (1) federalismwas once again a salient issue; (2) deficit reduction and devolutionwere bound together; (3) the U.S. Supreme Court continued toreexamine and possibly redefine the legal parameters of federalism;(4) state officials became more visible political actors inWashington, D. C.; and (5) states provided key policy and managementleadership. 相似文献
42.
Sanford V. Berg 《公共行政管理与发展》2007,27(1):1-11
The water sector has economic and symbolic importance for citizens in developing countries. Water utility benchmarking is no panacea for improving water sector performance. Nevertheless, it can contribute to addressing four sources of conflict in the design and implementation of policies: cognitive conflicts (based on technical disagreements regarding how data might be analysed and interpreted), interest conflicts (where suppliers and demanders obtain different benefits and costs under alternative policies), values conflicts (involving ideology or personal preferences regarding water sector outcomes) and authority conflicts (stemming from jurisdictional disagreements over who has the last word). These potential sources of conflict characterise most politically‐charged situations, including water supply management. This article examines the extent to which water utility benchmarking facilitates conflict resolution. Without information on historical trends, current baselines and realistic targets, conflicts over reforms to improve sector performance can weaken systems that are already fragile, particularly those in developing countries. This article attempts to improve our understanding of the links between sources of conflict, government approaches for dealing with conflict and the role of water utility benchmarking as a complementary strategy for addressing policy issues. Benchmarking is one way regulators and managers can promote conflict resolution that allows participants to focus on performance. The principles apply to all sectors with significant state oversight. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
43.
Paula Duke Duncan Philip L. Ritter Sanford M. Dornbusch Ruth T. Gross J. Merrill Carlsmith 《Journal of youth and adolescence》1985,14(3):227-235
Variation in the timing of pubertal maturation may result in behavioral differences among early, mid-, and late maturers. Using data from the National Health Examination Survey, a national probability sample of children and youth aged 12–17, we investigated the relationships between maturational timing and body image, school behavior, and deviance. In terms of body image, the early maturing boys were the group most satisfied with height and weight. The early maturing girls were most dissatisfied with weight, with 69% wishing to be thinner. This great dissatisfaction with weight reported by early maturing girls is probably not an affect of early maturation, but a concomitant of maturation in general. The majority of girls became dissatisfied with their weight as they matured, and females from the higher social groups were more likely to want to be thinner than females from lower groups. Thus, a normal developmental process is being viewed negatively by females and positively by males. Male early maturers more often had deviant behavior, but there were no consistent findings for girls. There was no effect of maturational timing on teacher reports of school absence, adjustment, popularity, need for discipline, or grade repetition.This research was supported by the Stanford Center for the Study of Youth Development and by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.Received M.D. from The Medical College of Pennsylvania.Received Ph.D. in anthropology from Stanford University.Received Ph.D. in sociology from the University of Chicago.Received M.D. from Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons.Received Ph.D. in psychology from Harvard University. 相似文献
44.
Review panel consensus and post-decision commercial performance: a study of early stage technologies
Craig S. Galbraith Alex F. DeNoble Sanford B. Ehrlich Jessica Mesmer-Magnus 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2010,35(2):253-281
We examine the ability of review panels to predict commercial success when evaluating early-stage technologies from small
business. Specifically we examined whether a screening process resulted in greater consensus among grant panel members, to
what extent certain panel members “stuck” to their evaluations, and whether information sharing and panel consensus resulted
in better predictions of commercial success. In general, we found that expert panel members tend to move toward consensus
after discussion, with technical experts being the most “sticky”. While information sharing does not lead to better prediction,
increasing consensus among panel members does indicate a slight improvement in prediction accuracy. 相似文献
45.
Divorced nonresident fathers are a promising target for preventive efforts to assist families after divorce. The research literature suggests that such programs should focus both on the frequency and the quality of the child's contact with the father, as well as the quality of postdivorce mother–father relations. Dads For Life (DFL) is the program for this target group with the most convincing evidence of preventive effects. This eight-week program centers on professionally made videos. It was tested in a randomized trial with 214 families. In comparison to control families, children in families in which the father participated in DFL had significantly lower internalizing problems. The preventive impact of DFL was strongest for the most troubled youngsters. 相似文献
46.
Sanford L. Braver Peter Salem Jessica Pearson Stephanie R. DeLusé 《Family Court Review》1996,34(1):41-59
A survey was conducted to assess the content coverage of more than 100 divorce education programs for parents in North America. Fifty-six percent of the programs were mandatory for at least some categories of divorcing parents. Results showed that the most intensively covered topics involved the effects of divorce on children and the benefits of parental cooperation. Moderate coverage was devoted to skills acquisition, such as conflict management and parenting, and to the effects of divorce on parents. Minimal coverage was devoted to "nuts and bolts" and legal issues. The results are discussed in terms of issues likely to emerge as a result of this content coverage. 相似文献
47.
48.
Networks of sectoral regulatory agencies provide regional public goods (RPGs). In developed and developing countries, the
telecommunications, energy, and water sectors have been re-structured (frequently liberalized) and reformed over the past
two decades. Often with seed money from international organizations and donor countries, regulatory leaders at newly created
commissions sought to learn from neighboring countries. Regional networks provided vehicles for sharing data and best-practice
techniques, developing studies, providing training, distributing regulatory materials, and organizing meetings. Three properties
of publicness of RPGs influence the provision of RPGs: non-rivalry of benefits, non-excludability of non-payers, and the aggregation
technology. External donor funding and the mix of characteristics have influenced the pattern of network activities. 相似文献
49.
Craig S. Galbraith Sanford B. Ehrlich Alex F. DeNoble 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2006,31(6):673-684
This study investigates a set of precursor factors that appear related to future technology success, and whether or not expert
evaluators can a priori provide useful information during the technology review process. Sixty-nine highly advanced post 9–11 technologies are tracked
over time. Based upon the results of this study, we conclude that a reasonably good predictive model can be constructed from
organizational and technology factors, such as firm size, stage of development, and strategic partnerships. The results also
indicate that the incremental value of expert reviewers and technology evaluators to predict future technology success is
relatively small. Reviewers that provided the greatest predicative power, however, had current scientific responsibilities.
These results raise important issues regarding the capability of developing predictive models of technology success.
相似文献
50.