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171.
Scott R. Miller Volha Tserakhava Carlin J. Miller 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2011,40(4):442-452
Accumulating evidence suggests that parents may react differentially to children based on their children’s temperament, children’s
gender, and the interaction of these factors. Furthermore, parents’ differential reactions to their children have direct implications
for their children’s social success. The present study assessed the moderating influence of mothers’ and fathers’ psychological
control on the relationship between shy temperament and peer exclusion in grade five children (n = 153; 57% female), an age during which peer connections are particularly salient. Teachers reported on children’s shyness
and peer exclusion, and children reported on parents’ psychological control. Regression analyses showed fathers’ psychological
control to be associated with greater peer exclusion for males. Both mothers’ and fathers’ psychological control were associated
with peer exclusion for shy females. Results suggest the importance of parents considering how psychologically controlling
behaviors may work in concert with their children’s gender and temperament in influencing peer connections during the adolescent
transition. 相似文献
172.
Purpose
This study examined the process of leaving the gang. Gang membership was conceptualized in a life course framework and the motives for why and methods for how one leaves the gang were analyzed.Methods
Data were gathered from a sample of 84 juvenile arrestees in Arizona, all of whom left their gang. Motives for leaving the gang were organized into factors internal (push) and external (pull) to the gang, while methods for leaving the gang were organized into hostile and non-hostile modes of departure. Motives and methods were cross-classified and their correlates were examined, notably in relation to gang ties—persisting social and emotional attachments to the gang.Results
Push motives and non-hostile methods were the modal responses for leaving the gang. While it was not uncommon to experience a hostile departure from the gang, most former gang members reported walking away without ritual violence or ceremony. This method was conditional on the motive for departure, however. None of the individuals leaving the gang for pull or external reasons experienced a hostile departure. While gang ties persisted regardless of motive or method, retaining such ties corresponded with serious consequences.Conclusions
A life course framework is capable of organizing similarities between leaving the gang and desistance from other forms of crime and deviant groups. The process of gang desistance is consistent with asymmetrical causation. Due to limited attention to this process, a typology is introduced as a basis for understanding leaving the gang in relation to desisting from crime. 相似文献173.
Scott E. Wolfe 《Journal of criminal justice》2011,39(1):67
Objective
The process-based model has influenced policing research for a number of years, but the role of individual differences on procedural justice judgments and perceived police legitimacy has received limited attention. The current study fills a void in the literature by examining the effect of low self-control on individuals’ procedural justice judgments and perceptions of police legitimacy.Materials and Methods
The study uses a sample of young adults and estimates a series of OLS regression models to determine the effect of low self-control on the process-based model of policing.Results
The findings demonstrate that low self-control is associated with unfavorable procedural justice judgments. In turn, procedural justice mediates the effect of low self-control on perceived police legitimacy. Low self-control, however, is also shown to condition the effect of procedural justice on legitimacy. Specifically, the effect of procedural justice on legitimacy becomes weaker with reduced levels of self-control.Conclusions
These findings suggest that studies should account for self-control in process-based policing research and police policy should consider the impact of individual differences when implementing process-based strategies. 相似文献174.
175.
Kenneth B. Scott 《Crime, Law and Social Change》2011,55(2-3):121-132
The creation of a Scottish Parliament and Scottish government in 1999, under the process of devolution within the UK, created a significantly different constitutional and political landscape from that which preceded it. The impact on domestic issues in Scotland, such as policing, has been considerable. This is partly because of new structural arrangements, including the creation of a Justice Minister and a Justice Committee of the Parliament, and partly because of the significance of the law and order agenda within Scottish politics. This paper discusses the impact of these developments on the Scottish police. Analysis focuses on the growing involvement of the Scottish Parliament and Scottish governments in key areas such as constabulary independence, police accountability and the management of police resources. Through this discussion, the paper seeks to make a contribution to the debate about the relationship between the police and politics, and the extent to which policing in Scotland is becoming increasingly politicised. 相似文献
176.
177.
This study addresses the intended escalatory tendency in eight hypothetical situations in which the provocator's identity (partner or stranger, male or female) and the provocation form (verbal or physical aggression) were manipulated. The research question is "how does the identity of the provocator and the form of his or her provocation affect the participant's intended escalation level, and does the gender of the participant affect differences in intended escalation level?" The research sample consisted of 208 Israeli couples. The main finding is that women's intended response to their male partner is more escalatory than men's intended response to their female partner. Results also show that women's escalation is the most severe to partner provocation and the least severe to male strangers' provocation. Men's escalation is the most severe to provocation by male strangers and the least severe to their partner's provocation. Findings indicate that men's intention to escalate decreases as their partner's provocation becomes more severe. The severity of provocation has little effect on women's inten-tion to escalate. Such results are consistent with social role theory and sexual selection theory that maintain that status enhancement is more important for men than for women, and is more important for men than risk reduction is, whereas the opposite is true for women. 相似文献
178.
We appreciate Boone’s (2011, this issue) critique of Rogers, Bender, and Johnson’s (2011, this issue) analysis of the Malingered Neurocognitive Dysfunction (MND) criteria. She raised good points and appeared in general agreement regarding several crucial limitations of the MND model. However, Boone remained mostly silent on several issues including the compelling results from our methodological review of MND studies and Criteria A through D. When provided, her comments tended to be very selective and were often presented with little or no empirical support. This contrasting pattern of strong statements and weak evidence appears to unintentionally parallel the MND model, which was documented in our original analysis. As a result of her criticism, however, we clarified our point regarding methodological limitations in establishing levels of TBI and its potential relevance to determinations of feigned cognitive impairment. We hope that these spirited discussions will stimulate a much-needed review and a fundamental revamping, if not replacement, of the MND model. 相似文献
179.
180.
In west-central Alberta, Canada, an ambitious collaborative conservation program for grizzly bears began in 1999, after extensive
controversy over the Cheviot coal mine project and successful negotiation of a unique federal–provincial strategic framework
for grizzly bear conservation. Unfortunately that program was effectively terminated without any substantive implementation
of its research findings. The regional ecosystem approach for conserving grizzlies in the Foothills Model Forest originated
in federal and provincial legislative processes but proved vulnerable to shifting goals and containment by a single powerful
participant. This case study’s results demonstrate vulnerabilities of the ecosystem management approach to conserving large
carnivores. To enable other such conservation efforts to achieve their goals, we recommend supporting emergent small-scale
initiatives and designing collaborative institutions that limit the potential for containment of decision processes. 相似文献