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21.
The current research examined the role of defendant and participant sex, presence or absence of expert testimony of the “battered
person syndrome”, and sexual orientation of the defendant on perceptions of guilt in a self-defense case. The role of sexism
in judgments of culpability was also examined. A sample of 442 participants read a self-defense case scenario and responded
to questions pertaining to verdict, defendant culpability, legal element ratings, and sexist attitudes. Results revealed a
four-way interaction, showing female participants prescribed the lowest guilt ratings to heterosexual female and homosexual
male defendants who received expert testimony of the battered person syndrome. When heterosexual male defendants received
expert testimony, ratings of guilt significantly increased. A multiple regression was conducted to determine whether legal
and extra-legal factors predicted defendant culpability. Sexist attitudes (benevolent sexism towards men and women) and certain
legal elements were predictive of defendant culpability. Limitations and implications are discussed.
Study findings were presented in a poster at the annual meeting of the American Psychology-Law Society (APLS), Jacksonville,
Florida (March, 2008). 相似文献
22.
Shane Epting 《Contemporary Justice Review》2015,18(3):352-365
The United States Federal Government has repeatedly put the people of Vieques, Puerto Rico in harm’s way due to the injurious after-effects of air-to-ground weapons testing. Most of the harm happened during the Navy’s 70 years on the island. Yet, the harm continues today considering that aspects of the cleanup count as continued acts of environmental injustice, viewed within the context of the island’s colonial history. Usually, this harm deals with public health issues, but the remediation protocols do not account for considerations such as cultural identity and heritage. This paper shows how the procedures for environmental remediation in Vieques qualify as a case of environmental injustice according to Robert M. Figueroa’s ‘environmental justice paradigm.’ The aim of employing this kind of approach is to pinpoint the underlying reasons why this is a case of environmental injustice. 相似文献
23.
This article reviews maltreatment-related pediatric posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) neuroimaging and neuropsychology research. Existent interventions that target brain networks associated with PTSD and cognitive impairment are highlighted. Furthermore, the benefits of combining neuroimaging and neuropsychology research in treatment outcomes are discussed. To conduct this review, a literature search was done utilizing the words MRI, structural, functional, neuropsychological testing, children, maltreatment, treatment, and PTSD. This was supplemented with a direct search of developmental trauma experts. Results from the neuroimaging studies found differences in the total cerebral volume, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, superior temporal gyrus, corpus callosum, and other regions in maltreatment-related childhood PTSD. Neuropsychological findings demonstrate deficits in memory, attention, learning, and executive function that correspond to these brain regions. Existent and novel psychotherapeutic interventions address these deficits. These interventions may be directed at key networks associated with cognitive processing. Future directions include the implementation of treatment outcome research integrating psychotherapy with putative biological and psychological markers. 相似文献
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All cases of fatal oxycodone toxicity presenting to the New South Wales Department of Forensic Medicine over the period January 1, 1999, to December 31, 2008, were retrieved. A total of 70 cases were identified. The mean age was 48.9 years, 58.6% were men, 21.4% were suicides, and in 30% oxycodone had not been prescribed to the decedent. Injecting drug users constituted 27.1% of cases, and oxycodone tablets were injected immediately prior to death by 21.4%. The mean blood oxycodone concentration was 0.40 mg/L (range 0.06-53.00 mg/L). In all cases, psychoactive substances other than oxycodone were also detected, most frequently hypnosedatives (68.6%), other opioids (54.3%), antidepressants (41.4%), and alcohol (32.9%). Preexisting systemic disease was common: cardiovascular (64.2%), pulmonary (49.3%), hepatic (66.7%), and renal (43.9%). 相似文献
27.
In a recent contribution to Political Behavior (30:455–467), Panagopoulos, using aggregate turnout data, shows that individuals living under compulsory voting rules are
most likely to go to the polls when penalties for abstaining are both strict and routinely enforced. In this project, I expand
on the work of Panagopoulos by simultaneously examining both election-level and individual-level factors. I use a broad sample
of 36 countries, some with compulsory voting and some with voluntary rules, which provides a more detailed understanding of
the correlates of turnout. Results indicate that the presence and severity of compulsory rules do indeed affect turnout, while
personally held characteristics, including age, education, income, and political efficacy remain critical to an individual’s
turnout decision calculus. 相似文献
28.
Kate J. Bowers Shane D. Johnson Rob T. Guerette Lucia Summers Suzanne Poynton 《Journal of Experimental Criminology》2011,7(4):347-374
Objectives
To undertake a systematic review of the extent to which geographically focused policing initiatives appear to displace crime (simply relocate it to other places) or diffuse benefits (lead to reductions elsewhere). 相似文献29.
Apprehending those who utilize improvised explosive devices (IEDs) is a national priority owing to their use both domestically and abroad. IEDs are often concealed in bags, boxes, or backpacks to prevent their detection. Given this, the goal of the research presented was to identify IED handlers through postblast DNA recovery from IED containers. Study participants were asked to use backpacks for 11 days, after which they served as containers for pipe bombs. Eleven postdeflagration backpack regions likely to be handled were swabbed and analyzed via mini-short tandem repeats (miniSTRs) and alleles were called blind. An experimental consensus method was examined in which profiles from all regions were considered, to help identify spurious drop-in/out. Results were correct for all loci, except one that remained ambiguous. The results show that recovering DNA from IED containers is a viable approach for aiding in the identification of those who may have been involved in an IED event. 相似文献
30.
The US and its Coalition partners concluded combat operations in Iraq in August 2010. Rather surprisingly, little empirical
evidence exists as to the factors that contributed to the ebb and flow in levels of violence and the emergence and disappearance
of hot spots of hostilities during the campaign. Building upon a tradition of criminology scholarship, recent work demonstrates
that Improvised Explosive Device (IED) attacks are clustered in space and time and that these trends decay in a manner similar
to that observed in the spread of disease and crime. The current study extends this work by addressing a key potential correlate
of these observed patterns across Iraq—namely, the timing and location of a variety of Coalition counterinsurgency (COIN)
operations. This is achieved by assessing the co-evolving space–time distributions of insurgency and counterinsurgency in
the first 6 months of 2005. To do so, we employ a novel analytic technique that helps us to assess the sequential relationship
between these two event types. Our analyses suggest that the number of COIN operations that follow insurgent IED attacks (moderately)
exceeds expectation (assuming that events are independent) for localities in the vicinity of an attack. This pattern is more
consistent than is observed for the relationship in the opposite direction. The findings also suggest that less discriminatory
COIN operations are associated with an elevated occurrence of subsequent insurgency in the vicinity of COIN operations in
the medium to long term, whilst for more discriminatory and capacity-reducing COIN operations the reverse appears to be true. 相似文献