Systematic differences in electropherogram peak heights reported by different versions of the GeneScan software

DNA profiling using STRs on the 310 and 3100 Genetic Analyzers routinely generates electropherograms that are analyzed with the GeneScan software available from the instrument's manufacturer, Applied Biosystems. Users have been able to choose from three different smoothing options that have been known to result in significant differences in the peak heights that are reported. Improvements in the underlying algorithm of the most recent version of the software also result in significant and somewhat predictable differences in peak height values. Laboratories that have performed validation studies using older versions of GeneScan should either reanalyze the data generated in those validation studies with the newest version of the software or otherwise take into consideration the systematically higher peak height values obtained as they begin following the recommendation of the manufacturer and use the new algorithm.     

Selection Bias in Comparative Research: The Case of Incomplete Data Sets

Selection bias is an important but often neglected problem incomparative research. While comparative case studies pay someattention to this problem, this is less the case in broadercross-national studies, where this problem may appear throughthe way the data used are generated. The article discusses threeexamples: studies of the success of newly formed political parties,research on protest events, and recent work on ethnic conflict.In all cases the data at hand are likely to be afflicted byselection bias. Failing to take into consideration this problemleads to serious biases in the estimation of simple relationships.Empirical examples illustrate a possible solution (a variationof a Tobit model) to the problems in these cases. The articlealso discusses results of Monte Carlo simulations, illustratingunder what conditions the proposed estimation procedures leadto improved results.     

Shifting Conceptions of Sexual Discrimination at the Court of Justice: from P v S to Grant v SWT

Decisions of the Court of Justice have challenged traditional notions of sexual discrimination. In P v S and Cornwall County Council, the Court held that discrimination against transsexuals was contrary to the 1976 Equal Treatment Directive. However, in Grant v South‐West Trains, the Court rejected arguments that Article 119 on equal pay prohibited discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. This article contrasts the two decisions, and in particular focuses on the inconsistencies in the Court's definition of what constitutes sexual discrimination. The article further considers the underlying factors which may have influenced the Court's judgment, including the moral dimension and the political context of the two decisions. Finally, there is a discussion of the merits of equality litigation strategies, in particular at the Court of Justice.     

The microeconomic voter

In the United States, aggregate and individual level studies of economic voting for the Congress have produced contradictory findings. The same is true for models of economic voting for the Australian Parliament. This paper presents data taken from a series of individual level studies which show that voters' attitudes towards fiscal and microeconomic issues have been better predictors of the vote for the Australian House of Representatives over the last four elections than their attitudes towards macroeconomic issues. This finding suggests that the cause of the inconsistency between aggregate and individual level models of voting may be that aggregate models of economic voting which include only macroeconomic variables are inadequately specified, since they do not take broader aspects of the economy into account.     

Politische Orientierungen gewerkschaftlich organisierter Arbeiter- und Mittelschichten in der Schweiz

Das Thema dieser Studie sind die politischen Einstellungen von ge-werkschaftlich organisierten Arbeitnehmerinnen und Arbeitnehmern in der Schweiz. Anhand von Daten einer repräsentativen Befragung von Mitgliedern von drei schweizerischen Gewerkschaften (GBI, SMUV, VPOD) und eines Angestelltenverbandes (VSAM) wird im folgenden dokumentiert, dass die "traditionelle" Arbeiterschicht, die "sozialkulturellen Spezialisten" sowie die "Technokraten" und "Manager" jeweils unterschiedliche politische Orientierungen vertreten. Während die Arbeiter für "klassisch" linke, sozialdemokratische und eher materialistische politische Positionen einstehen, sind die gewerkschaftlich organisierten "sozialkulturellen Spezialisten" in der Mittelschicht deutlich linker und postmaterialistischer und die ebenfalls der Mittelschicht zuzurechnenden "Technokraten" und "Manager" eher bürgerlich und materialistischer eingestellt. Insgesamt lassen sich weder für die These einer Entpolitisierung noch für die These einer Konvergenz der politischen Orientierungen eindeutige Hinweise finden. Vielmehr ist die gewerkschaftlich organisierte Arbeitnehmerschaft in der Schweiz politisch heterogen. Diese Heterogenität wiederum reduziert die Macht und Einflusschancen der schweizerischen Gewerkschaftsbewegung.