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191.
Wendie Ellen Schneider 《Law & social inquiry》2002,27(3):449-488
Driven by the fear of collusion in the new divorce court, in 1860 Parliament authorized the Queen's Proctor to intervene in divorce suits by rooting out information that the parties left undisclosed. This paper explores the activities of the Queen's Proctor in its first quarter century, revealing both the curious genealogy of community participation in the Queen's Proctor's efforts and the struggle over the definition of collusion. Over time, economic and evidentiary concerns prompted the Queen's Proctor to turn from uncovering collusion to producing evidence of adultery. The Queen's Proctor represents a striking attempt by courts to assess the validity of party-controlled narratives, resulting in surprising practical consequences. Evaluation of narratives quickly devolved into a bright-line test focusing on adultery, with judges following the Queen's Proctor's lead and eschewing discretion. 相似文献
192.
Decentralized government institutions are doing more of the work of government than ever before, but there is little agreement
about 1) what decentralization means, or 2) how it should be measured. To overcome this confusion, this article builds on
standard definitions of decentralization that include three core dimensions: fiscal, administrative, and political. The article
offers an empirical test of that definition using factor analysis of data from 1996 for sixty-eight countries. Factor analysis
confirms these three core dimensions and generates a score for each case in each dimension, allowing countries to be measured
according to their type and degree of decentralization. In future work, these scores can be used for hypothesis testing about
the causes and effects of decentralization on important social outcomes. This exercise demonstrates that conceptual confusion
need not hamper research when empirical tests can help verify conceptual categories.
Aaron Schneider is a political scientist at the Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex. His research
interests include comparative politics, public finance, and methodology. His current research projects include studies of
federalism, decentralization, party systems, budgeting, and taxation. He has conducted research in Brazil and India, and plans
to apply the measures derived in this article to study the impact of decentralization.
Tel:+44 (0)1273 678270; fax: +44 (0)1273 621202; email: a.schneider@ids.ac.uk. For valuable comments and suggestions, the
author would like to thank Mick Moore, Arnab Acharya, Marcus Kurtz, Benjamin Goldfrank, and anonymous reviewers from Studies
in Comparative International Development. Financial support was provided by the Department for International Development.
All errors or omissions are the author’s own. 相似文献
193.
<正> 一、比较犯罪学的理论与方法直到不久前,犯罪学仍然是注重犯罪人。犯罪行为的最初原因是从犯罪人反常的个性中看出的。由此人们认为,可以把罪犯安置在改造场所,通过运用教育和治疗的方法来消灭犯罪行为。今天,这种关于犯罪原因和刑事政策的认识仍然受到支持。虽然如果没有犯罪人就没有犯罪学,也没有刑事政策,但是犯罪人不是犯罪原因及其控制所应考虑的唯一因素。应该考虑的因素还包括受害人和社会环境这两个因素,它们各自都对犯罪的发展发生不同的作用,因此它们必须参加对犯罪的控制。犯罪是在社会完善和个人的学习过程中发展起来的,它也只能在这个过程中被消灭。 相似文献
194.
Friedrich Schneider 《Public Choice》1991,71(3):197-200
Invited lecture in honor of Gordon Tullock at the meeting of The Public Choice Society in New Orleans, 15–17 March 1991. 相似文献
195.
Mindy James Ph.D. Trenna Blagden Ph.D. Ian Moncrief M.S. James P. Burans Ph.D. Katherine Schneider Ph.D. Jacqueline Fletcher Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2014,59(2):463-469
The U.S. agricultural sector is vulnerable to intentionally introduced microbial threats because of its wide and open distribution and economic importance. To investigate such events, forensically valid assays for plant pathogen detection are needed. In this work, real‐time PCR assays were developed for three model plant pathogens: Pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato, Xylella fastidiosa, and Wheat streak mosaic virus. Validation included determination of the linearity and range, limit of detection, sensitivity, specificity, and exclusivity of each assay. Additionally, positive control plasmids, distinguishable from native signature by restriction enzyme digestion, were developed to support forensic application of the assays. Each assay displayed linear amplification of target nucleic acid, detected 100 fg or less of target nucleic acid, and was specific to its target pathogen. Results obtained with these model pathogens provide the framework for development and validation of similar assays for other plant pathogens of high consequence. 相似文献
196.
Mariarosaria Aromatario Ph.D. Paola A. Fiore M.D. Simone Cappelletti M.D. Edoardo Bottoni M.D. Costantino Ciallella M.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2014,59(5):1321-1324
In forensic medicine, gestational age of fetal remains is a crucial information in several contests, but the classic methods are inadequate when early gestational age needs to be assessed. In the author's experience, the measurement of the biparietal diameter provides more accurate information for this purpose. The status of the fetal head is therefore critical. This work describes an easy technique that allows to reconstruct the cranial volume of the fetus using multipurpose silicone given both the flexibility of the fetal head structure and the inorganic nature of the silicone itself. In conclusion, the determination of the biparietal diameter achieved through the above‐described technique permitted a more accurate estimation of the dating of pregnancy in judicial cases where the fetal remains were incomplete and disrupted. 相似文献
197.
Morling N Allen RW Carracedo A Geada H Guidet F Hallenberg C Martin W Mayr WR Olaisen B Pascali VL Schneider PM;Paternity Testing Commission of the International Society of Forensic Genetics 《Forensic science international》2002,129(3):148-157
The International Society for Forensic Genetics (ISFG) has established a Paternity Testing Commission (PTC) with the purpose of formulating international recommendations concerning genetic investigations in paternity testing. The PTC recommends that paternity testing be performed in accordance with the ISO 17025 standards. The ISO 17025 standards are general standards for testing laboratories and the PTC offers explanations and recommendations concerning selected areas of special importance to paternity testing. 相似文献
198.
199.
The introduction of DNA analysis to forensic science brought with it a number of choices for analysis, not all of which were compatible. As laboratories throughout Europe were eager to use the new technology different systems became routine in different laboratories and consequently, there was no basis for the exchange of results. A period of co-operation then started in which a nucleus of forensic scientists agreed on an uniform system. This collaboration spread to incorporate most of the established forensic science laboratories in Europe and continued through two major changes in the technology. At each step agreement was reached on which systems to use. From the beginning it was realised that DNA databases would provide the criminal justice systems with an efficient way of crime solving and consequently some local databases were created. It was not until the introduction of the amplification technology linked to the analysis of short tandem repeats that a sufficiently sensitive and robust system was available for the formation of efficient and effective DNA databases. Comprehensive legislation enacted in the UK in 1995 enabled forensic scientists to set up the first national DNA database which would hold both personal DNA profiles together with results obtained from crime scenes. Other countries quickly followed but in some the legislation has severely restricted the amount and type of data which can be retained and, therefore, effectiveness of the databases is limited. The widespread use of commercially produced multiplex kits has produced a situation in which nearly all European laboratories are using compatible systems and there is, therefore, the potential for the introduction of a pan-European DNA database. However, the exchange of results between countries is hampered by the various legislations which currently exist. 相似文献
200.
How do individuals on the battlefield respond to the introduction of new technologies? How will unmanned and increasingly autonomous technologies be received by ground combat personnel? In this paper we explore tactical-level perceptions of one particular technology—armed unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)—by conducting a survey experiment of ground fires controllers. Our findings reveal that these personnel have strong behavioral reactions to the introduction of unmanned technology. Especially in situations with high risk to ground troops, we find a strong preference for manned aircraft with implications for the future use of UAVs and human–machine relationships in war. These results suggest the need to incorporate behavioral variables into future studies of military adoption and innovation and indicate that the future adoption of unmanned systems may be just as much about the “warm fuzzy” of trust as confidence in unmanned capabilities. 相似文献