The economic effects of direct democracy—a first global assessment

This is the first study that assesses the economic effects of direct democratic institutions on a cross-country basis. We find that total spending as well as spending on welfare is lower in countries with mandatory referendums, consistent with the previous literature. But we also find that countries with national initiatives appear to spend more and be more corrupt. Finally, budget deficits, government effectiveness, productivity and “happiness” appear unrelated to direct democracy. Institutional detail thus matters a great deal. In general, the effects of direct-democratic institutions become stronger if the frequency of their actual use is taken into account. Effects are usually stronger in countries with weak democracies.     

The praise of ressentiment: or,how I learned to stop worrying and love Donald Trump

American political discourse in the era of Tea Parties, Donald Trump, and ‘#BlackLivesMatter’ is suffused with Nietzschean ressentiment. Left critical theorist Wendy Brown’s ‘wounded attachments’ characterize civil rights protesters, multiculturalists, anti-tax activists, and Christian conservatives alike: all are grounded in an identity thoroughly constituted by foundational wounding, which then provides a continuing impulse to fixate on perceived wrongs as the basis for political community. Rather than lamenting this, however, I defend ressentiment from the vantage point of a renewed Left in the United States. This paper explores a strategic reclamation of ressentiment ‘well-used,’ argues that its employment in past liberation struggles has been crucial to the successes of the Left, and proposes several specific tactics in political rhetoric and mobilization, including: (a) embracing victim/enemy narratives, (b) cultivating anger, and (c) deploying effective lies rather than ineffective truths.     

An Empire of Light?: II: Learning and Lawmaking in Germany Today

German law is commonly assumed to be strongly influenced bylegal scholarship. This was certainly true in the past, andthis article explores whether it is still the case today. Butwhat is actually meant by ‘influence’ in the contextof law? Who exerts it on whom, and how? These questions areanalysed in the first part of the article. It is then shown,by drawing on biographical material, legislative history andcase law, how legal scholarship contributes to both the legislativeand the judicial lawmaking process in Germany—and whereit does not. Finally it is asked how the specific relationshipbetween legal academics and lawmakers in the German legal systemcan be explained and whether this model can be transferred toother systems.