Letter from the Editor

ABSTRACT

Organizational theory and research suggests that organizational performance may be affected by environmental circumstances. However, the available evidence on this important issue for public organizations relies primarily on “objective” archival measures of the environment drawn from secondary data sources. Perceptual measures gauging managerial “subjective” views on the nature of the task environment are also likely to be important determinants of organizational outcomes. In this paper, a comprehensive model of the impact of “objective” and “subjective” task environments on the performance of local government service departments is formalized and tested. The results suggest that both objective and subjective environmental munificence are positively related to performance, and that objective and subjective environmental dynamism are negatively related to service achievements. In addition, objective task complexity is negatively related to performance. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.     

Correction to: Intergenerational continuity of crime among children of organized crime offenders in the Netherlands

Crime, Law and Social Change -     

Two Conceptions of Sustainability

Mathis Wackernagel and William Rees describe the 'ecological footprint' (i.e. the ecological capacity, measured in hectares of biologically productive land, needed to supply a given person's consumption of natural resources and absorb their waste) as a conception of environmental sustainability, and have accumulated significant data to measure the footprints of nations, cities and even individual persons. Although the authors refrain from explicitly drawing normative inferences from their measurements, such implications lie not far beneath the surface of their work. Besides providing an empirical tool for assessing efforts to improve environmental performance, the footprint implies a normative ideal of global resource egalitarianism, once the conception is examined through the lens of contemporary political theory. In this article, I trace out the normative implications of ecological footprinting in comparison and contrast with those of carrying capacity, an alternative conception of sustainability which the footprint ought (or so I shall argue) to replace.     

SURREPLY

This is a follow‐up to our previous “Comment” responding to an article by William How and Hugh McIsaac.     

The administrative impact of international municipal cooperation on Canadian cities and towns: an assessment

Abstract: In recent years, Canadian cities and towns have become increasingly involved in international cooperation projects with partner municipalities located in other parts of the developing world. For the most part, as a number of studies have shown, such initiatives have brought real benefits to municipalities in developing areas in terms of improved structures of local governance, facilities and services to citizens. At the same time, the literature has much less to say about the impact of such involvement on “donor” municipalities in Canada or elsewhere. This is especially true of the possible negative consequences of international participation for municipal administrations and especially for the employees involved. Using a case-study approach, this study provides in-depth examination of two exchanges, involving the municipalities of Kitimat (B.C.) and Charlesbourg (Quebec), in order to explore more fully this aspect of international cooperation. While in both cases the advantages of international municipal cooperation projects for the Canadian cities involved are apparent, equally evident are a range of deleterious effects directly affecting administration. By way of conclusion, the study considers a number of measures that may help mitigate such effects. Sommaire: Depuis quelques années, les villes canadiennes participent de plus en plus aux projets de coopération internationale avec des municipalités partenaires situées dans des pays en voie de développement. Dans la plupart des cas, comme I'indique un certain nombre d'études, ces initiatives ont apporté des avantages réels aux municipalités dans les régions en voie de développement, sous forme d'amélioration des structures de gouvernance locale, des installations et des services foumis aux citoyens. Par contre, peu d'auteurs ont décrit I'effet de cette participation sur les municipalités donatrices au Canada ou ailleurs. Cela conceme particulièrement les conéquences éventuellement négatives de la participation internationale sur I'administration municipale et particulièrement sur les employés impliqués. À partir d'une étude de cas, la présente étude examine en détail deux échanges mettant en jeules municipalités de Kitimat (C.-B.) et Charlesbourg (Québec), afin de mieux cerner cet aspect de la collaboration intemationale. Bien que, dans les deux cas, les avantages des projets de coopération municipale intemationale soient apparents pour les villes canadiennes participantes, on voit se profiler une gamme d'effets nocifs frappant directement l'administration. En conclusion, l'étude considère plusieurs mesures qui pourraient aider à atténuer ces effects.