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911.
Suspects accused of involvement in the same crime can be tried in one multiple-defendant trial. While research has long demonstrated the difficulties of being a juror, no published work has examined whether multiple-defendant trials compound these difficulties. The current research recruited both student and community samples to determine whether trying multiple defendants would increase conviction rates for individual defendants. Every participant watched one of three trial videos – a single defendant against whom the State had a strong case (single-strong), a single-defendant against whom the State had a weak case (single-weak), or a multiple-defendant trial combining both defendants (multiple-defendant). The findings demonstrated an overshare effect – when the defendants were tried together, overall conviction rates for both defendants increased relative to when they were tried alone, though the pattern of results differed by study sample. Although we are unable to provide a definitive mechanism underlying the results, the best explanation seems to be that multiple-defendant trials prompt jurors to engage in a joint evaluation of the defendants, rather than single evaluations of each. Consequently, participant-jurors’ perceptions of each defendant are impacted by how they compare with one another. Thus, the current research casts some doubt on the fairness of multiple-defendant trials. 相似文献
912.
This paper offers a methodological intervention into the study and understanding of regulation and compliance with respect to corporate crime. We advocate Pierre Bourdieu’s “praxeological” sociology as the bases for what we hold is an innovative model of regulation and compliance. The praxeological or relational approach offers structural analyses that take seriously the constructivist fixation with meaning, subjectivity, and perception without succumbing to the limitations of an interactionist conception of power. We first show theoretical affinities between the work of Pierre Bourdieu and Louis Althusser in order to highlight their shared concern with subject formation and their respective conceptions of “mis/recognition”. As this provides us with the theoretical basis of a more robust theory of regulation and compliance than is commonly found within the corporate crime literature, we argue that studies of corporate wrongdoing would benefit from rethinking the conceptions of compliance that currently shape corporate crime scholarship. We then demonstrate the benefits of this praxeological approach to regulation and compliance through discussion of the state’s efforts to discipline corporations through criminal law in Canada and the United Kingdom. 相似文献
913.
Steven J. Walden M.Sc. Jacqui Mulville Ph.D. Jeffrey P. Rowlands H.N.D. Sam L. Evans Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2018,63(1):207-213
The aim of this pilot study was to investigate compositional changes in bone during decomposition. Elemental concentrations of barium, calcium, iron, potassium, magnesium, zinc and phosphorus in porcine bone (as an experimental analog for human bone) were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP‐OES). The samples were taken from porcine bone subjected to shallow burial and surface depositions at 28‐day intervals for a period of 140 days. Results indicated that ICP‐OES elemental profiling has potential to be developed as a forensic test for determining whether a bone sample originates from the early stages of soft tissue putrefaction. Significant changes in iron, sodium and potassium concentrations were found over 140 days. These elements are known to be primarily associated with proteins and/or tissue fluids within the bone. Changes in their respective concentrations may therefore be linked to dehydration over time and in turn may be indicative of time since deposition. 相似文献
914.
Richard Schwindt Aidan Vining Steven Globerman 《Journal of policy analysis and management》2000,19(1):23-45
This article applies cost‐benefit analysis to the Canadian Pacific commercial salmon fishery. It demonstrates that government policies to preserve the fishery have resulted in higher net social costs than would have resulted from a "do nothing" policy, notwithstanding the rent dissipation associated with unconstrained resource exploitation. The value of landings and the private costs of the harvest over a cycle (1988‐1994) are calculated. On average, fishers extracted rents of C$34.7 million (in constant 1995 Canadian dollars) annually. The public costs of enhancing the resource and organizing and policing the harvest are estimated. When these costs are included in the calculation, net benefits drop to an average of negative C$55.6 million annually. This translates into a net present value (NPV) of the salmon fishery of negative C$784. The effects on NPV of both modest policy changes implemented in 1996‐1997 and of a more dramatic but credible fleet rationalization program are provided. The results indicate that further policy change is called for. More generally, the study shows that policy reform that would significantly benefit both the private sector (through reduced rent dissipation) and the public sector (through reduced government expenditures) can be surprisingly difficult. © 2000 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management. 相似文献
915.
Steven E. Barkan 《Critical Criminology》2009,17(4):247-259
The value of quantitative analysis for a critical understanding of crime and society has often been questioned. This paper
joins the debate by reviewing quantitative evidence on key criminological topics: the causes of crime, public opinion on crime,
and the operation and impact of the criminal justice system. This evidence highlights the importance of economic deprivation
and racial prejudice and discrimination for understanding U.S. crime and justice and points to the ineffectiveness of the
nation’s “get tough” approach to crime control. In these ways, quantitative analysis has already bolstered central propositions
in critical criminology and promises to continue to do so. 相似文献
916.
Saul M. Kassin Steven A. Drizin Thomas Grisso Gisli H. Gudjonsson Richard A. Leo Allison D. Redlich 《Law and human behavior》2010,34(1):3-38
Reviewing the literature on police-induced confessions, we identified suspect characteristics and interrogation tactics that
influence confessions and their effects on juries. We concluded with a call for the mandatory electronic recording of interrogations
and a consideration of other possible reforms. The preceding commentaries make important substantive points that can lead
us forward—on the effects of videotaping of interrogations on case dispositions; on the study of non-custodial methods, such
as the controversial Mr. Big technique; and on an analysis of why confessions, once withdrawn, elicit such intractable responses
compared to statements given by child and adult victims. Toward these ends, we hope that this issue provides a platform for
future research aimed at improving the diagnostic value of confession evidence. 相似文献
917.
Why Should Remorse be a Mitigating Factor in Sentencing? 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Steven Keith Tudor 《Criminal Law and Philosophy》2008,2(3):241-257
This article critically examines the rationales for the well-settled principle in sentencing law that an offender’s remorse
is to be treated as a mitigating factor. Four basic types of rationale are examined: remorse makes punishment redundant; offering
mitigation can induce remorse; remorse should be rewarded with mitigation; and remorse should be recognised by mitigation.
The first three rationales each suffer from certain weaknesses or limitations, and are argued to be not as persuasive as the
fourth. The article then considers, and rejects, two arguments against remorse as a mitigating factor in sentencing: that
the crime, not the offender, is the focus of punishment; and that the truly remorseful offender would not ask for mitigation.
The article concludes with a brief consideration of whether a lack of remorse should be an aggravating factor.
相似文献
Steven Keith TudorEmail: |
918.
In order to move beyond the existing push/pull framework to understand disengagement, we apply a systematic coding scheme derived from Mayer and colleagues' integrative model of organizational trust to examine why people leave extremist groups. In doing so, we also rely on in-depth life history interviews with twenty former left- and right-wing extremists to examine whether antecedents of distrust vary between the two groups. Findings suggest substantial similarities and important differences between left- and right-wing extremists' decision to leave. In particular, perceptions of poor planning and organization, low-quality personnel and vindictive behavior generate perceptions of organizational distrust and disillusionment. Although findings from the current study are based on a relatively small sample, notable similarities were identified between both groups regarding sources of distrust (e.g., leaders, group members). We also identified differences regarding the role of violence in weakening solidarity and nurturing disillusionment with extremist activities. We conclude this article with suggestions for future research that extend the study of terrorism and that may have significance for how practitioners address countering violent extremism initiatives. 相似文献
919.
920.