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281.
This article investigates one causal mechanism that may explain why female judges on the federal appellate courts are more likely than men to side with plaintiffs in sex discrimination cases. To test whether personal experiences with inequality are related to empathetic responses to the claims of female plaintiffs, we focus on the first wave of female judges, who attended law school during a time of severe gender inequality. We find that female judges are more likely than their male colleagues to support plaintiffs in sex discrimination cases, but that this difference is seen only in judges who graduated law school between 1954 and 1975 and disappears when more recent law school cohorts of men and women judges are compared. These results suggest that the effect of gender as a trait is tied to the role of formative experiences with discrimination. 相似文献
282.
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284.
In Section I of this paper we present an analytical paradigm by which to evaluate health and medical care services in underdeveloped countries. In Section II, we apply this framework to an analysis of the health policies of one developing country, China. In Section III, we evaluate the Chinese health and medical care policies within the framework of a cost‐benefit analysis and argue that these policies are appropriate to China's factor proportions and health needs. Finally, in Section IV, we raise a number of questions to be considered in any more detailed studies on the transferring of the Chinese services to other developing countries. 相似文献
285.
Susan Collard 《The Political quarterly》2019,90(4):672-680
The enfranchisement of non‐resident citizens has always been controversial in the UK, where for historical reasons, voting rights are not as closely associated with citizenship as elsewhere. The introduction of ‘overseas’ voting in the 1980s by the Conservatives was contested by Labour as a form of ‘international gerrymandering’ since expatriates were widely assumed to be disproportionately wealthy and therefore more likely to vote Tory. Expatriate campaigners have been increasingly vocal in denouncing the ‘electoral injustice’ of the ‘fifteen‐year rule’ which disenfranchises them after fifteen years abroad, and the exclusion of so many from the EU referendum highlighted their cause. A recent private member's bill proposing ‘votes for life’ for UK expatriates aimed to meet their demands to abolish the time restriction, now considered anachronistic. But their arguments were hijacked by historically embedded attitudes and disputes driven by party politics, ending in a dramatic and bewildering filibuster which this paper elucidates. 相似文献
286.
287.
Sholts SB Walker PL Kuzminsky SC Miller KW Wärmländer SK 《Journal of forensic sciences》2011,56(2):333-338
Identifying group affinity from human crania is a long-standing problem in forensic and physical anthropology. Many craniofacial differences used in forensic skeletal identification are difficult to quantify, although certain measurements of the midfacial skeleton have shown high predictive value for group classifications. This study presents a new method for analyzing midfacial shape variation between different geographic groups. Three-dimensional laser scan models of 90 crania from three populations were used to obtain cross-sectional midfacial contours defined by three standard craniometric landmarks. Elliptic Fourier transforms of the contours were used to extract Fourier coefficients for statistical analysis. After cross-validation, discriminant functions based on the Fourier coefficients provided an average of 86% correct classifications for crania from the three groups. The high rate of accuracy of this method indicates its usefulness for identifying group affinities among human skeletal remains and demonstrates the advantages of digital 3D model-based analysis in forensic research. 相似文献
288.
In the 5 years since Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast, scholars in many disciplines have speculated on the sources
of the widespread devastation. While many of these studies have focused on objective evidence of the violation of human rights
following Hurricane Katrina, this study reviews the human rights violations and goes a step further by examining social audience
reactions (both victims and the general public) to the government’s response efforts. Relying on Green and Ward’s (Green 2009; Green and Ward Social Justice, 27, 101–115, 2000; 2004) human rights/organizational deviance definition, which sees state crime as human rights violations that result from state
organizational deviance, we attempt to provide further evidence of this case as one of state crime. This article presents
results from binary logistic regression analyses that assess the likelihood of respondents disapproving of the actions of
officials from various levels of government after the hurricane using data from a survey of Hurricane Katrina evacuees completed
by The Washington Post/Kaiser Family Foundation/Harvard University (The Washington Post/Kaiser Family Foundation/Harvard University
2005) in the weeks after the storm, and data from a special topics ABC News/Washington Post public opinion survey completed in
September of 2005 (ABC News/The Washington Post 2006). Key findings in this study include a strong similarity of results across data sets for race, sex, and religion with regards
to respondents disapproving responses to the storm devastation at the federal level. A clear majority of respondents in both
data sets disapproved of the actions of some level of government, further implying negative audience reactions, and thus the
need to recognize the government’s response to Hurricane Katrina as a state crime. 相似文献
289.
There is a dearth of literature that examines rural youths’ school transition and adaptation over the middle and high school
years. Given rural education challenges, this study examines rural youths’ developmental trajectories of self-reported grades
and affective and behavioral educational outcomes (i.e., school belonging, value of education, school misbehavior, and extracurricular
activity participation). The cohort-sequential study consisted of 3,312 African American and White youth (50% female) who
were surveyed over three and a half years, including the transition to high school. The results reveal significant changes
in the outcomes from sixth to twelfth grade. For example, on average, school misbehavior increased over time while perceived
school belonging decreased over time. Gender and race differences emerged; African American youth reported placing higher
importance on education and less participation in school activities than White youth. The discussion focuses on the importance
of examining rural adolescents’ educational pathways during the high school transition. 相似文献
290.
Arim RG Tramonte L Shapka JD Dahinten VS Willms JD 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2011,40(11):1423-1435
The purpose of this study was to examine both the family antecedents and the outcomes of early puberty, with a particular
focus on factors related to family socioeconomic status (SES). The study employed a comprehensive measurement of pubertal
development and longitudinal data from the Canadian National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth. The sample (N = 8,440; 49% girls) included four cohorts of children who were followed biennially for 10 years, starting from age 4–11 to
14–21 years. Data were drawn at different years of age from these cohorts of children. Girls whose fathers were unemployed
were more likely to experience early puberty than those whose fathers were employed. For boys, those living with fathers who
had not finished secondary school were more likely to experience early puberty. Early maturing girls tended to engage in smoking
and drinking at an earlier age compared with their peers. These findings provide support for psychosocial acceleration theory
and suggest that different aspects of low family SES may act as a psychosocial stress for early pubertal maturation in boys
versus girls, which may lead to engagement in drinking and smoking at a younger age, at least for girls. 相似文献