"政治伊斯兰"现象解析

近年来,穆斯林世界中伊斯兰教政治化的现象格外突出,不仅冲击着穆斯林国家中的世俗政权,而且不时地与“西方文明”发生激烈的摩擦和碰撞,已经引起各国政界及学术界的密切关注。美国知名学者格雷厄姆·E·富勒在其2003年出版的专著《政治伊斯兰的未来》中对此进行了入微分析。现将该书的主要内容综合介绍如下:何谓“政治伊斯兰”“政治伊斯兰”(“PoliticalIslam”或“Islamism”)是伊斯兰教政治化的直接产物,即“伊斯兰教中的政治”或“政治中的伊斯兰教”。严格地讲,伊斯兰教只是一种宗教信仰,并不具备政治意识形态的特性。然而,由于宗教…     

Elemental analysis of human cremains using ICP-OES to classify legitimate and contaminated cremains

The Tri-State Crematory Incident in Nobel, GA (February 2001) revealed limitations in traditional human cremated remains (cremains) analytical methodology. The goal of this study was to develop a method for effectively classifying questionable sets of cremains as legitimate or contaminated. Eighty-eight samples of known human cremains, concrete, mixtures of the two, and questionable sets of cremains were acid digested and analyzed for 21 elements by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Variable cluster and principle component analyses identified the seven elements (Sb, B, Li, Mn, Sr, Tl, and V) used to develop discriminant functions to classify questionable sets into two groups: cremains and concrete. The discriminant analysis shows that at the 0.90 probability level, mixtures of 50% or less human content were classified as concrete. Mixtures with 90% human content classified as cremains. Sixty percent and 75% human content mixtures remained in the questionable classification, but as the concentration of human increased in the mixture, the probability of assignment to the known cremains group increased. Most of the questionable human samples classified as cremains. This is a pilot study and cannot yet satisfy Daubert standards for courtroom admissibility, but it indicates that it is possible to determine the legitimacy of cremains using elemental analysis by ICP-OES coupled with multivariate statistical analysis.