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641.
Lee O. Morgan A.A.S. Marty Johnson B.S. Jered Cornelison Ph.D. Carolyn Isaac Ph.D. Joyce deJong D.O. Joseph A. Prahlow M.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2019,64(2):602-606
Postmortem fingerprint collection is a routine part of many forensic death investigations. Although the production of postmortem prints is usually straight forward, several obstacles and scenarios can make the collection difficult. A common challenge occurs when finger pads are mummified. Several current techniques allow for softening and rehydration of mummified finger pads; however, despite the employment of such techniques, the production of adequate postmortem fingerprints can remain elusive. The authors present two techniques that can improve the chances of obtaining suitable fingerprints from mummified remains. The “baby powder method” involves applying a cornstarch‐based powder, such as baby powder, onto the darkened and mummified finger pads, to allow better visualization of the fingerprint detail. The “transillumination method” involves carefully dissecting away the tissues underlying the finger pad, followed by placement of a bright light source underneath the finger pad, such that the finger ridge pattern is illuminated. 相似文献
642.
Gbemende E. Johnson 《Law & society review》2019,53(3):823-850
Government transparency is a key component of democratic accountability. The U.S. Congress and the president have created multiple legislative avenues to facilitate executive branch transparency with the public. However, when the executive branch withholds requested information from the public, the federal judiciary has the power to determine whether agencies must release documents and information to requestors. When enforcing standards of executive branch transparency, judges must balance concerns of executive autonomy and judicial intrusion into administrative decisionmaking. While much judicial scholarship focuses on the decisionmaking on high courts, in the U.S. context, federal district courts play a key role in adjudicating transparency disputes. In this article, I examine case outcomes in disputes involving agency claims of deliberative process privilege over internal agency documents litigated between 1994 and 2004. I find that U.S. federal district courts largely defer to administrative agencies in transparency disputes. However, factors such as agency structure and the congruence between judicial and administrative agency policy preferences influence whether federal judges require executive branch officials to release requested information. 相似文献
643.
Joel A. Capellan Ph.D. Joseph Johnson Ph.D. Jeremy R. Porter Ph.D. Christine Martin B.A. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2019,64(3):814-823
This study compares the demographic, background, motivation, and pre‐event and event‐level behaviors across four types of mass public shooters: disgruntled employee, school, ideologically motivated, and rampage offenders. Using a database containing detailed information on 318 mass public shootings that occurred in the United States between 1966 and 2017, we find systematic differences in the characteristics, motivations, target selection, planning, and incident‐level behaviors among these offenders. The results show that ideologically motivated shooters to be the most patient, and methodical, and as a result the most lethal. Conversely, disgruntled employees, who are driven by revenge, tend to have little time to plan and consequently are the least lethal shooters. These, among other differences, underscore the need for prevention strategies and policies to be tailored to specific types of offenders. Furthermore, the results also highlight commonalities across offender type, suggesting that the social and psychological pathways to violence are universal across offenders. 相似文献
644.
AbstractRelatively little work examines the impact that charging decisions exert on sentencing. We investigate this issue by estimating the “distance traveled” in charge bargaining, or the expected change in the likelihood of incarceration associated with reductions in charges across different stages of prosecution. Using data from New York County, we examine how the probability of incarceration shifts as a result of charging decisions and how this potentially contributes to social inequalities in incarceration. Findings indicate that charge reductions are associated with sizeable decreases in the probability of incarceration, particularly at the plea bargaining stage. On average, the “distance traveled” is substantially greater for female than male defendants and for White compared to Latino and Black defendants, even after accounting for a host of relevant punishment factors. Findings are discussed as they relate to contemporary theoretical perspectives on prosecutorial decision-making and social inequality in punishment. 相似文献
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648.
Using 1996 data on defendants accused of felony offenses derived from a district court in a Midwestern jurisdiction, the authors employ bivariate and multivariate analyses to examine for significant differences between Hispanics and other racial and ethnic groups in the dependent variable, bail amount set by judge. To predict differences in the bail amount set by judges for Hispanic and other defendants, the multiple regression controls for two independent “legal” variables, prior arrest and seriousness of the instant offense, and for the “extra-legal” variables of age, gender, type of attorney, residency, and race. Our research shows that Hispanics receive higher bail amounts than White or African Americans; leading the authors to cast doubt on the tenets of “legal theory” which has gained attention as a model for explaining why members of racial or ethnic minorities receive harsher treatment at various stages of the criminal and juvenile justice system. 相似文献
649.
Martin B. Meznar Julius H. Johnson Philip J. Mizzi 《Journal of Public Affairs (14723891)》2006,6(1):58-68
- Being in the public eye puts pressure on an organization's Public Affairs (PA) function. This study finds that firms more closely covered by the press tend to be more forceful in promoting their own position on social issues (social buffering). Press coverage is not associated with greater corporate efforts to comply with societal expectation (social bridging). Overall, press coverage is weakly associated with lowered perceived corporate public affairs performance.
650.
Levisky JA Bowerman DL Jenkins WW Johnson DG Karch SB 《Forensic science international》2001,121(3):157-160
INTRODUCTION: Drug concentration measured in postmortem adipose tissue may or may not reflect antemortem concentration. To examine the possibility of whether the presence of basic drugs in adipose tissue is the result of postmortem change, we examined: tissues with and without livor mortis, concentration gradients within the adipose layer, and the stability of drug concentrations during the postmortem period. CASE REPORTS: Five drug-related deaths with case histories and analytical data are presented. Adipose tissues with and without livor mortis from the thigh area of the same decedent were analyzed for cocaine. The cocaine concentration of the tissue exhibiting 4+ livor was equivalent to the concentration observed in tissue without livor. Analyses of cross sections of adipose tissues containing cocaine and methamphetamine disclosed that drug concentrations were equally distributed throughout the layer, from just beneath the dermis to directly above the muscle. When morphine and temazepam concentrations were measured in adipose tissues collected from similar sites, but at different times, from the same cadaver, they remained essentially the same over 3 days (approximately 80 h). CONCLUSIONS: Since concentrations were the same in areas with and without livor mortis, the possibility of redistribution into adipose from blood or vascular channels is eliminated. The absence of a concentration gradient within the adipose layer rules out diffusion or permeation from muscle into the adipose layer, and the failure of morphine or temazepam concentration to change over time indicates that drugs in the adipose tissue are stable during the postmortem interval. Our findings support the notion that drugs identified in postmortem adipose tissue are there because of antemortem deposition and not because of any postmortem change or event. 相似文献