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671.
672.
Shane D. Johnson Wim Bernasco Kate J. Bowers Henk Elffers Jerry Ratcliffe George Rengert Michael Townsley 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2007,23(3):201-219
Using epidemiological techniques for testing disease contagion, it has recently been found that in the wake of a residential
burglary, the risk to nearby homes is temporarily elevated. This paper demonstrates the ubiquity of this phenomenon by analyzing
space–time patterns of burglary in 10 areas, located in five different countries. While the precise patterns vary, for all
areas, houses within 200 m of a burgled home were at an elevated risk of burglary for a period of at least two weeks. For
three of the five countries, differences in these patterns may partly be explained by simple differences in target density.
The findings inform theories of crime concentration and offender targeting strategies, and have implications for crime forecasting
and crime reduction more generally.
相似文献
Shane D. JohnsonEmail: |
673.
Network Analysis and the Law: Measuring the Legal Importance of Precedents at the U.S. Supreme Court 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Fowler James H.; Johnson Timothy R.; Spriggs James F. II; Jeon Sangick; Wahlbeck Paul J. 《Political Analysis》2007,15(3):324-346
674.
Survey research is a common tool for assessing public opinions, perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors for analyses in many social science disciplines. Yet there is little knowledge regarding how specific elements of survey research methodology are applied in practice in public administration. This article examines five mainstream public administration journals over an eight‐year period regarding current methodological practice, organized around the total survey error framework. The findings show that survey research in the field of public administration features mainly small‐scale studies, heavy reliance on a single data collection mode, questionable sample selection procedures, and suspect sample frame quality. Survey data largely are analyzed without careful consideration of assumptions or potential sources of error. An informed evaluation of the quality of survey data is made more difficult by the fact that many journal articles do not detail data collection procedures. This study concludes with suggestions for improving the quality and reporting of survey research in the field. 相似文献
675.
The “shale gas revolution” raises a host of questions for policy makers and researchers on both sides of the Atlantic. We provide a brief overview of the regulatory environment as it relates to hydraulic fracturing for natural gas in the United States and the European Union. We then pose a set of open questions, which we believe should shape policy and research agendas surrounding shale gas wherever the development of this resource is being pursued or considered. 相似文献
676.
Brian D. Johnson 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2012,28(1):163-189
This study provides an application of cross-classified multilevel models to the study of early case processing outcomes for
suspected terrorists in U.S. federal district courts. Because suspected terrorists are simultaneously nested within terrorist
organizations and criminal court environments, they are characterized by overlapping data hierarchies that involve cross-nested
ecological contexts. Cross-classified models provide a useful but underutilized approach for analyzing such data. Using the
American Terrorism Study (ATS), this research examines case dismissals, trial adjudications and criminal convictions for a
sample of 574 terrorist suspects. Findings indicate that diverse factors affect case processing outcomes, including legal
factors such as the number of counts, number of co-defendants, and statute of indictment, extralegal factors such as the ethnicity
of the offender, and incident characteristics such as the type of terrorism target. Case processing outcomes also vary significantly
across both terrorist groups and criminal courts and are partially explained by select group and court characteristics including
the type of terrorist organization and the terrorism trial rate of the court. Results are discussed vis-à-vis contemporary
research on terrorism punishments and future directions are suggested for additional applications of cross-classified models
in criminological research. 相似文献
677.
Karen Heimer Kecia R. Johnson Joseph B. Lang Andres F. Rengifo Don Stemen 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2012,28(2):219-244
Female imprisonment rates have increased proportionately more than male imprisonment rates over recent decades. There are
substantial race differences in women’s rates, as is the case for men. Yet, there has been little quantitative research on
the correlates of women’s imprisonment using data over time, or on potential race differences in those correlates. The present
research analyzes data on black and nonblack female imprisonment rates in the 50 states for the period 1981–2003. The analyses
are guided substantively by existing research on race, social threat and criminal punishment, and theory and research on the
penal-welfare hypothesis. The study uses bivariate-response multilevel modeling to simultaneously examine the factors associated
with black and nonblack women’s imprisonment rates. The results show that black female imprisonment rates increase when the
concentration of African Americans in metropolitan areas and poverty rates grow, whereas nonblack female imprisonment rates
are unaffected by poverty rates and actually decrease when African American populations become more concentrated in metro
areas. Both black and nonblack women’s imprisonment rates increase when welfare spending declines. The results are consistent
with social threat perspectives and the penal-welfare hypotheses. 相似文献
678.
Chelsea E. Johnson M.S. Paul Martin Ph.D. Katherine A. Roberts Ph.D. Tatiana Trejos Ph.D. Ruthmara Corzo B.S. Jose R. Almirall Ph.D. Alan M. Safer Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2018,63(1):66-79
This study applies Raman microspectroscopy to differentiate the chemical components in printing inks of different brands, colors, and type using the 532 nm and 785 nm excitation wavelengths. Spectra were collected from 319 inks (78 inkjet, 76 toner, 79 offset, and 86 intaglio) representing various colors. Comparisons were performed to calculate discrimination capability percentages for each ink type. Overall, Raman microspectroscopy differentiates according to the following hierarchy: intaglio (96%), inkjet (92%), offset (90%), and toner (61%). The ability of Raman microspectroscopy to differentiate between same‐colored inks from different brands was dependent on the color and ink analyzed. Based on ink color, the discrimination capability ranged from 75 to 94% (inkjet), 0 to 86% (toner), and 0 to 77% (offset). Copper phthalocyanine was detected in cyan inks and various intaglio inks, while carbon black was identified in black inkjet, offset, and intaglio inks. 相似文献
679.
Matthew Manning Christopher L. Ambrey Christopher M. Fleming Shane D. Johnson 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2018,34(4):971-998
Objectives
This paper investigates the impact of Field Court Attendance Notices (FCANs) on rates of property crime in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. FCANs are used for relatively minor offenses, are issued ‘on the spot’, and provide an alternative to the time consuming process of arresting an alleged offender and taking them to the police station for processing. Despite their use in NSW for over 20 years, this study is the first to evaluate their impact on crime.Methods
We use data provided by the NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research, and the Australian Bureau of Statistics. We specify a general dynamic panel data model estimated via the Arellano and Bond (Rev Econ Stud 58:277–297, 1991) estimator, specifically the first-differenced twostep generalised method of moments (GMM) estimator.Results
For property crime as a whole, in both the short- and long-run, we find no significant relationship between the use of FCANS and levels of offending. However, when offending rates are disaggregated into 11 sub-categories, we find that in the short-run an increase in the use of FCANs leads to statistically significant decreases in the rate of crime for five of the sub-categories offenses considered (break and enter dwelling; motor vehicle theft; steal from motor vehicle; steal from retail store and; steal from dwelling). The long-run results are largely consistent with the short-run results in terms of their signs and statistical significance, suggesting that the effects persist.Conclusions
The empirical analysis presented in this paper suggests that the use of FCANs is an effective and potentially efficient policing strategy for a subset of property offenses, in that offenders can be processed at lower cost and long-run rates of certain crimes reduced.680.
A Molecular Method to Detect Wound Cells in Bloodstains Resultant of Sharp Force Injuries for Crime Scene Reconstruction
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Donald J. Johnson M.S. David E. Raymond Ph.D. Cynthia Chen M.S. Matthew Quon M.S. Julian Lis M.S. Mo Re Choi M.S. Christopher Lopez M.S. Aileen Han Ray D. de Leon Ph.D. Cynthia Bir Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2018,63(3):842-848
Previous research by the authors on an animal model showed that bloodstains can contain additional information about their somatic origin in the form of wound cells. Bloodstains produced by a gunshot wound to the head were distinguished from bloodstains produced by a gunshot wound to the chest by testing the stains for a brain microRNA marker. In this study, the effectiveness of the technique was examined on blood drops shed externally from a stab wound to the liver of rat carcasses. Specifically, investigations were conducted on the liver microRNA marker, rno‐mir‐122‐3p, with the QIAGEN miScript System, and PCR analysis. Between the two stabbing methods used, 67% of the scalpel blades and 57% of the blood drops tested positive for rno‐mir‐122‐3p; however, other samples tested negative giving inconclusive results as to the wound‐of‐origin. The amount of the liver cells in the bloodstains appeared to be related to the extent of trauma. 相似文献