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121.
In the economically developed world, over 75 percent of all jobs involve some form of service work. Over the last 30 years, there has been a dramatic growth in business and professional services (BPS) or those firms that provide “creative” intermediate inputs into the activities of client companies. BPS firms have a double impact on regional economic performance: they add value in their own right but also create productivity improvements in client companies. This article explores the development of a BPS‐focused regional economic development policy in the West Midlands, United Kingdom. Developing a policy framework for BPS is problematic as the heterogeneous nature of BPS activities means that no single lobbying group exists to represent their interests. The West Midlands has tried to overcome this difficulty by creating subregional networking organizations and, more recently, by developing a policy approach that attempts to enhance the added value BPS firms provide to their clients. This represents a major, but as yet untested, development in policy intervention as it recognizes the complex interactions that occur between BPS firms and their clients. 相似文献
122.
Valerie Cromwell 《议会、议员及代表》2013,33(2):189-190
W?adys?aw Czapliński (ed): The Polish Parliament at the Summit of Its Development (16th ‐ 17th Centuries): Anthologies (Polish Historical Library, no. 6, Marian Biskup ed.). (Zaklad Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, Wroc?aw, 1985; pp. 214; ISBN 83 04 01861 6; pb, z? 200). Ulrich Lange: Landtag und Ausschuß. Zum Problem der Handlungsfähigkeit landständischer Versammlungen im Zeitalter der Entstehung des frühmodernen Staates. Die weifischen Territorien als Beispiel (1500–1629). (Hildesheim: Lax, 1986). 278 pp. (Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission für Niedersachsen und Bremen XXIV: Untersuchungen zur Ständegeschichte Niedersachscns. Bd. 6. DM.68). Gerhard A. Ritter (Transl. Kim Traynor): Social Welfare in Germany and Britain: Origins and Development, (Berg Publishers, Leamington Spa and New York, ISBN 0–907582–49–4 xi, 300pp. £30; 1986). 相似文献
123.
Powley KD Dahlstrom DB Atkins VJ Fackler ML 《The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology》2004,25(4):273-275
PURPOSE: To determine the V-50 threshold velocity needed for a steel BB to penetrate the eye of a 230-pound pig. METHOD: BBs were shot at a distance of 10 feet into the corneas of pig eyes with a pump-action BB gun. RESULTS: The V-50 velocity for corneal penetration and serious disruption of the eye was found to be 246 ft/sec. CONCLUSION: Due to the nearly identical size and anatomy of the human eye to the pig eyes used in this study, it is felt that 246 ft/sec is a reasonable approximation of the velocity needed to penetrate the human eye. 相似文献
124.
A field experiment tested the effect of an Arizona civil jury reform that allows jurors to discuss evidence among themselves during the trial. Judges, jurors, attorneys, and litigants completed questionnaires in trials randomly assigned to either a Trial Discussions condition, in which jurors were permitted to discuss the evidence during trial, or a No Discussions condition, in which jurors were prohibited from discussing the evidence during trial according to traditional admonitions. Judicial agreement with jury verdicts did not differ between conditions. Permitting jurors to discuss the evidence did affect the degree of certainty that jurors reported about their preferences at the start of jury deliberations, the level of conflict on the jury, and the likelihood of reaching unanimity. 相似文献
125.
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127.
Valerie Ledwith 《Space and Polity》2017,21(3):335-354
Recent education policy debates in Ireland have focused on whether the dominance of the Catholic Church in primary school provision is an appropriate model for an increasingly diverse population, rather than concern with migrant clustering and/or segregation per se. Efforts to ensure that students from a range of religious or non-religious backgrounds are catered for in education contexts are to be lauded. However, this research provides clear evidence of migrant segregation as a result of how school choice impacts attendance patterns on the ground. This is not surprising, given the evidence from research on school choice which highlights the fact that it can exacerbate socio-economic and demographic segregation. As such, enshrining parental choice as the corner-stone of school provision in Ireland is flawed since it, intentionally or otherwise, builds an educational infrastructure that encourages school segregation. 相似文献
128.
Oz Gore Imelda McDermott Kath Checkland Pauline Allen Valerie Moran 《Public administration》2020,98(2):291-307
In the context of welfare delivery, hybrid organizations mix public and ‘new’ market, social, and professional types of mechanisms and rationales. This article contributes to our understanding of accountability within hybrid organizations by highlighting how accountability obligations can become hybrid, simultaneously formal and informal. Instead of seeing accountability as hybrid only in the sense of the coexistence of types of organizational mechanisms and structures (i.e., the prevalence of both state and market types), we examine accountability arrangements governing a hybrid model—primary care commissioning in England—and interrogate the relationships between accountability actors and their accountability forums. We conceptualize ‘hybrid accountability obligations’ as a state whereby the nature of obligation underpinning accountability relationships is both formal-informal and vertical-horizontal concurrently. The article concludes by highlighting the consequences of this kind of hybridity, namely how it extended discretion from welfare delivery to the domain of welfare governance. 相似文献
129.
Rebecca K. Helm Valerie F. Reyna Allison A. Franz Rachel Z. Novick Sarah Dincin Amanda E. Cort 《心理学、犯罪与法律》2018,24(9):915-934
In the American criminal justice system the vast majority of criminal convictions occur as the result of guilty pleas, often made as a result of plea bargains, rather than jury trials. The incentives offered in exchange for guilty pleas mean that both innocent and guilty defendants plead guilty. We investigate the role of attorneys in this context, through interviews with criminal defense attorneys. We examine defense attorney perspectives on the extent to which innocent defendants are (and should be) pleading guilty in the current legal framework and investigate their views of their own role in this complex system. We also use a hypothetical case to probe the ways in which defense attorneys consider guilt or innocence when providing advice on pleas. Results indicate that attorney advice is influenced by guilt or innocence, but also that attorneys are limited in the extent to which they can negotiate justice for their clients in a system in which uncertainty and large discrepancies between outcomes of guilty pleas and conviction at trial can make it a sensible option to plead guilty even when innocent. Results also suggest conflicting opinions over the role of the attorney in the plea-bargaining process. 相似文献
130.
Social scientists have long investigated the social, cultural, and psychological forces that shape perceptions of fairness. A vast literature on procedural justice advances a central finding: the process by which a dispute is played out is central to people's perceptions of fairness and their satisfaction with dispute outcomes. There is, however, one glaring gap in the literature. In this era of mass incarceration, studies of how the incarcerated weigh procedural justice versus substantive justice are rare. This article addresses this gap by drawing on unique quantitative and qualitative data, including face‐to‐face interviews with a random sample of men incarcerated in three California prisons and official data provided by the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR). Our mixed‐methods analysis reveals that these prisoners privilege the actual outcomes of disputes as their barometer of justice. We argue that the dominance of substantive outcomes in these men's perceptions of fairness and in their dispute satisfaction is grounded in, among other things, the high stakes of the prison context, an argument that is confirmed by our data. These findings do not refute the importance of procedural justice, but show the power of institutional context to structure perceptions of and responses to fairness, one of the most fundamental principles of social life. 相似文献