Hyperextension and rotation of head causing internal carotid artery laceration with basilar subarachnoid hematoma

Hyperextension of the head can cause injury to the vessels at the base of the brain. These lacerations are believed to be caused by stretching of the vessels due to the abrupt movement of the head and rotational acceleration of the brain within the cranium, and they usually occur in the intracranial portions of the vessels, producing a subarachnoid hemorrhage. This is the case of a 35-year-old man who received a blow to the face that forcefully hyperextended and rotated his head to the left. Autopsy revealed an intracranial right internal carotid laceration extending from a calcified atherosclerotic plaque. This unusual injury may be due to a combination of blunt force applied to the head and the alteration of the vessel's structural and functional capacities secondary to atherosclerosis.     

Linking Managers With Ministers: Dilemmas of the state owned enterprise

In relations with their state-owned enterprises, governments try to capture the advantages that are thought to exist in operating through autonomous institutions. At the same time, they attempt to prod the enterprises toward a set of governmental goals. The resulting relationships between ministers and managers have produced a pattern of behavior by state-owned enterprises that differs considerably at times from those of private enterprises. But articulating the goals of the government in ways that are internally consistent has proved difficult, as has securing the benefits of autonomy. Some governments are attempting to improve the relationship with their state-owned enterprises by developing explicit agreements, even contracts, between ministers and managers. Although this approach does not face up to some basic problems in the manager-minister relationship, it cannot be ruled out as a significant step in improving the link.     

Andrew Carnegie’s gospel of wealth

He is president of the Snow Foundation and the Snow Memorial Fund. He has written widely on European history. Currently he is teaching an upper division course on “Philanthropy: Past and Present.”