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Work release and periodic detention in New South Wales: The custodial model and role experimentation
Elmer H. Johnson 《Journal of criminal justice》1981,9(5):375-381
The custodial model is singled out from among the possible alternative models for work-release programs. Although custody-oriented staff typically are conservative and oppose change, work release programs press them into unfamiliar relationships with residents and with members of the free community. Without formal guidance, personnel engage in role experimentation that holds potential as a prelude to significant penal reform. Implications are suggested through analysis of periodic detention and work release as different schemes followed in New South Wales. 相似文献
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Among the important recent trends in corrections is the remarkable spread of work release among the state prison systems. Forty-one states have authorized such a program. This development is assessed in terms of two of the factors affecting the potentiality of work release—the number of prison units and their geographical location relative to the state's job market. The highest work-release participation rate was recorded in 1971 by those prison systems with many units well distributed about their respective state. The lowest rate was that of the systems with a large share of total inmates concentrated in giant or large prisons. The various housing strategies are defined; the use of several community centers is found to be associated with the highest work-release participation for each type of prison system. Prospects for further expansion of work release are discussed. 相似文献
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Northwestern University. 相似文献
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Stimulating ‘green’ technological innovation: An analysis of alternative policy mechanisms 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
As our understanding of human impacts on the environment has increased, it has become clear that we need to move toward a closed-loop industrial society in order to avoid undesirable health and ecosystem consequences. Achievement of this goal depends on radical technological innovation in both products and processes. This paper explores how to design public policy mechanisms to stimulate rather than impede pollution-preventing technological innovation. It begins with a discussion of the role of government in civilian technology development and diffusion. It then sets out six design criteria for policy to promote green technology innovation. Based on this set of design criteria, the article assesses the potential and limitations of current U.S. policy approaches to stimulate technological innovation that moves us toward a minimal waste society. The main conclusions of this assessment are as follows. Over the past decade, the U.S. environmental policy system has experienced a variety of reforms and new initiatives, many aimed directly at promoting environmentally-friendly technological change. The strengths of these reforms are to increase the information that the private sector has about the magnitude and cost of their environmental impacts and to allow greater flexibility in the technologies that firms choose to meet environmental regulations and goals. Because of these reforms, firms are likely to undertake technological innovation for the environment in situations with clear short-term economic benefits, i.e. to capture the much heralded win-win potential of environmental regulation. However, these reforms have significant weaknesses as well. Unless policy provides stronger political or economic incentives and clearer signals about future environmental performance requirements, we are unlikely to be able to drive technological innovation in industries where the pay-off is more longterm or uncertain, and thus will make only limited progress toward the goal of a minimal waste society. 相似文献
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Prior research on the use of alcohol by police officers has shown that there are correlations between the officers’ alcohol consumption and stress or social relationships within the police sub-culture. By looking at 1,328 full time officers from municipal, county, and state departments, the researchers found that there were correlations between these two reasons as in prior literature. Surprisingly, the officers drew a clear distinction between drinking alcohol as a social outlet and drinking alcohol to fit in with their peers. As a result, this study explains a third reason the officers used when consuming alcohol. The officers most at risk for drinking problems admitted that fitting in was highest on their list of why they drank alcohol. 相似文献