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Max Weber, The Russian Revolutions, trans, and ed. Gordon C. Wells & Peter Baehr, Cambridge, Polity, 1994, viii + 287 pp., £39.50. 相似文献
In the process of democratisation, it is expected that a former dominant party, at least one which abides by the rules of electoral contestation, will transition into a “catch-all” party. A catch-all party aims to attract the votes of all social cleavages and classes of voters outside what would be considered their traditional voter base. As part of the wider debate about democratisation in East Asia, this paper examines how two of East Asia’s liberal democracies—Japan and South Korea, the LDP and GNP/Saenuri, respectively, have adapted to electoral defeat and in what ways they have transitioned into catch-all parties in the Kircheimer mould. This paper finds that while intra-party reforms which could fit a catch-all model have yet to be institutionalised, data from the Comparative Manifesto Database shows that there has been a significant change in which policies both parties promote and that these are designed to appeal to a broad base of voters. 相似文献
Language poses a serious problem in political discourse whenterms like federalism come to mean anything, everything, andnothing. An issue of some importance is how "confederation"was conceptualized in The Federalist, how that conceptualizationwas subject to critical analysis, especially in Federalist 15and 16, and how the resolution of that critique contributedto the conceptualization of a federal system of governance.This essay was written in response to a re-reading of MartinDiamon's essay on "The Federalist's View of Federalism." Theposition taken is that the theory of constitutional choice usedto articulate the arguments in The Federalist provides the appropriatelogic for construing the meaning of federalism despite the ambiguitiesof language contained in The Federalist. 相似文献
What role does government play in the provision of public goods? Economists have used the lighthouse as an empirical example to illustrate the extent to which the private provision of public goods is possible. This inquiry, however, has neglected the private provision of lightships. We investigate the private operation of the world’s first modern lightship, established in 1731 on the banks of the Thames estuary going in and out of London. First, we show that the Nore lightship was able to operate profitably and without government enforcement in the collection of payments for lighting services. Second, we show how private efforts to build lightships were crowded out by Trinity House, the public authority responsible for establishing and maintaining lighthouses in England and Wales. By including lightships into the broader lighthouse market, we argue that the provision of lighting services exemplifies not a market failure, but a government failure. 相似文献
This article examines the particular methods of war finance that were used by Russia during World War One in relation to the total cost of the war, and evaluates them against a theoretical ideal that was outlined by the Cambridge economist J. M. Keynes. It then asks whether there were any consequences of two particular chosen means of financing the war—the issue of large amounts of paper currency and short-term treasury bills—for maintaining Russian economic stability. The evaluations of a number of Russian and British economists are used as gauges of Keynes's advice, and also as more general comparison in relation to the equivalent policies pursued by other Allied countries. 相似文献
A growing body of work suggests that exposure to subtle racial cues prompts white voters to penalize black candidates, and
that the effects of these cues may influence outcomes indirectly via perceptions of candidate ideology. We test hypotheses
related to these ideas using two experiments based on national samples. In one experiment, we manipulated the race of a candidate
(Barack Obama vs. John Edwards) accused of sexual impropriety. We found that while both candidates suffered from the accusation,
the scandal led respondents to view Obama as more liberal than Edwards, especially among resentful and engaged whites. Second,
overall evaluations of Obama declined more sharply than for Edwards. In the other experiment, we manipulated the explicitness
of the scandal, and found that implicit cues were more damaging for Obama than explicit ones. 相似文献
This article focuses on the 1976 Guatemala earthquake disaster as a possible crisis trigger, in a relatively strict application of the critical juncture analytical approach. It expands to include the broader question of what conditions might cause disasters to trigger crises that open critical junctures for nation‐states. The research concludes that the 1976 Guatemala disaster led to a high degree of community self‐organizing and alliance‐building across Guatemala, which the Guatemalan national security state at that time perceived as a fundamental crisis requiring a response. This reaction generated significant debate and policy conflict within the state; the resulting decision was massively repressive violence, with legacies that continue to this day. Another conclusion is that strictly applied, critical juncture analysis can untangle often very complicated disaster postimpact emergency, recovery, and reconstruction situations. 相似文献
The eggshell plaintiff rule dictates that in the event that a defendant causes some amount of damage, he or she also becomes liable for all of the plaintiff’s injuries, including any unforeseeable harm. The present study investigated whether adults who may have an “eggshell psyche” due to childhood abuse endorse more symptoms of trauma after a simulated motor vehicle accident than individuals without a history of abuse. Participation in litigation was also examined as a potential stressor over and above the experience of a traumatic event. The results confirm that an individual’s abuse history was related to elevated symptom reports. However, the type of abuse and the litigation context did not incrementally contributed to symptom reports. Results have implications for attorneys, psychological expert witnesses, and plaintiffs who have a history of trauma. 相似文献