论约定优于法定原则

约定优于法定是合同法的一项重要原则。但在市场经济发展的今天,尤其是在消费合同中,这一原则受到了挑战,完全遵守这一原则会形成合法不合理的情况。因此重新审视这一原则,适时地赋予约定优于法定原则新的内容,就显得十分必要了。文章在探究了约定优于法定原则之后提出在消费合同中应当推行约定有利的原则,以切实保护消费者的权益。     

中印共同崛起的国际政治意义——从地缘政治范式到全球"大同"范式

中国崛起和印度崛起,已经成为当今国际政治的最显著现象之一;中印共同崛起,并非历史的巧合,而是亚洲崛起的支柱和必然要求.尽管我们仍然处于现代化、线性进化论阶段,感叹技不如人的非西方世界自然存在对西方的崇拜心理,国际政治中西方观念的主导地位也有其存在的合理性;但一旦进入多元化、非线性发展的后现代阶段,未来将螺旋式地回归历史,文明的底蕴才会彻底呈现出来,文明的和谐将取代文明的冲突.中印共同崛起无疑为此展示了最大的希望,是打破西方殖民体系数百年影响的时代呼唤,并将推动国际政治范式从地缘范式和其他西方范式走向世界大同的东方范式.这就是中印共同崛起的国际政治意义.     

中国商法百年(1904-2004)

近现代商法诞生于中世纪后期的地中海沿岸 ,至今已有几百年的历史。中国有几千年的文明史 ,但由于历代统治者实行抑商贱商政策 ,以农为本 ,工商为末 ,商业极不发达 ,更无所谓专门的商事立法。近代自五口通商以来 ,海禁大开 ,欧风东渐 ,洋商蜂拥而入 ,纷纷在华开设洋行 ,建立工厂 ,国人亦加入其间 ,创办民族工商企业 ,中国近代工商业由是以兴 ,同时 ,华、洋商人涉讼事件亦日益增多。由于领事审判权的存在 ,每有纠纷 ,洋商即可依其本国法诉诸各该国驻华领事予以裁判 ,而华商则因无法可依 ,即使权利受到侵害 ,只能听凭地方官吏任意裁断 ,其权益…     

民事审判监督制度整体的程序设计——以《民事诉讼法修正案》为出发点

通过对最近提交全国人大常委会审议的现行民事诉讼法第一个修正案有关内容进行考察,本文围绕民事审判监督制度的完善提出了一套程序整体设计的构想。这一构想充分地考虑了审判监督程序与信访制度的内在联系,力图把诉讼内的制度设计与诉讼外的相关纠纷解决机制结合起来。在程序设计上高度重视再审启动的不同途径之间、事由和程序之间、以及程序的不同阶段之间的相互协调,并努力整合制度内的各种要素。     

高级法官班学员谈《行政诉讼法》的实施

在《行政诉讼法》即将于今年十月一日正式施行之际,中国首届行政法高级法官培训班的部分学员就该法的实施问题举行笔谈。法律的生命在于其实施,本刊将继续发表有关《行政诉讼法》的实施问题的文章,欢迎读者投稿 。     

Stagflationary bias and the interaction of monetary policy and wages in a unionized economy

Economics Research Centre, School of Economic and Social Studies, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K. The paper investigates the claim of Gylfason and Lindbeck (Public Choice, 1994) that a stagflationary bias arises from the interaction between monetary policymaking and wagesetting if, among other things, the government and unions share a concern for inflation. It uses a game theoretic model of this interaction, in which the government plays an economy-wide union. Though simple, this nests several other models as special cases. In that corresponding to Gylfason and Lindbeck's model, the factors which they identify are shown to be sufficient for stagflationary bias, in a specified sense. However, for the union to care about inflation is not a necessary condition. The main result of the paper concerns the more general model. It establishes a set of necessary and sufficient conditions for stagflationary bias, as previously defined. These conditions do not include a shared concern for inflation. The paper comments briefly on the significance of this result for stagflation and economic modelling.     

Isolation of the DNA minisatellite probe MZ 1.3 and its application to DNA 'fingerprinting' analysis

A minisatellite probe, MZ 1.3, detecting hypervariable fragment patterns was isolated from a human genomic library. A repetitive sequence of 27 bp length was identified which is contained in the probe approx. 40 times. The MZ 1.3 repeat shows variable homology of 53-73% to the repetitive sequence of the protein III gene of the bacteriophage M13 genome. Polymorphic restriction fragment patterns were found with MZ 1.3 using the enzymes Hinf I, BstN I, Hae III, Mbo I, PstI/Pvu II, and Rsa I. An average of 18 polymorphic fragments was observed using Hinf I as enzyme. The band sharing frequency after Hinf I digestion among unrelated individuals was determined to be 23.8 +/- 7.2%. An example for the application of MZ 1.3 to paternity testing in an incest case is given. The probe can be used with radioactive or non-radioactive detection systems. An approach is presented to compare polymorphic fragment patterns from individuals obtained by independent gel runs on the basis of relative band positions (RBP) and calculated in a computerized analysis.