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Dobberstein RC Huppertz J von Wurmb-Schwark N Ritz-Timme S 《Forensic science international》2008,179(2-3):181-191
Postmortem teeth are the most stable structures, and can be used to gain different information (age estimation, genetic data). Over long postmortem intervals (PMI), degradation processes may alter the molecular integrity and thus affect the reliability of applied molecular methods. Whereas some knowledge on the degradation of biomolecules in bone during the PMI exists, data for teeth are lacking. In particular, the impact of degradation processes in dentine on age estimation based on aspartic acid racemization (AAR) cannot be estimated yet. Hence, the molecular stability of both collagen and DNA was analyzed systematically, and their impact on the reliability of age estimation based on AAR and genetic analyses was checked. Two hundred and ten human and 59 porcine teeth were heated (90 degrees C in water) to simulate collagen and DNA diagenesis; 14 naturally aged teeth (PMI: 3 days to 1700 years) were analyzed comparatively. Peptide patterns of cyanogen bromide (CNBr)-cleaved collagen were employed as a new approach to check the collagen integrity. In the same samples, collagen yields, amino acid compositions, AAR in different protein fractions, and DNA integrity were analyzed. In heated human and porcine teeth the collagen content declined during the heating experiment. The amino acid composition in human samples was collagen-like until 12 days of heating. In naturally aged teeth, the collagen yielded from 9.5 to 15%, and no discrepancy of amino acid composition to that of modern collagen was observed. Electrophoresis of CNBr-peptides showed an altered pattern in experimentally degraded samples from day 10 on; naturally aged collagen displayed the typical collagen pattern. AAR increased in all protein fractions with increasing duration of the heating experiment; naturally aged samples displayed a slow accumulation of AAR. DNA degraded progressively, and after 32 h of heat exposure no more DNA was detectable, whereas the amplification of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA was successful up to 48 h. STR typing was reliable up to 16 h, and sex determination up to 40 h of heat exposure. In naturally aged samples of DNA quality, yield and typing success did not correlate with PMI. The data highlight a remarkable stability of collagen dental proteins. Within relevant forensic periods a postmortem rise of AAR under normal conditions is negligible, and analyses of dental DNA has a high chance to be successful. However, after large PMI and/or extreme postmortem conditions age estimation based on AAR and genetic analyses lose their reliability. 相似文献
244.
Jakob von Holderstein Holtermann 《Criminal Law and Philosophy》2009,3(2):187-207
Most proponents of restorative justice admit to the need to find a well defined place for the use of traditional trial and
punishment alongside restorative justice processes. Concrete answers have, however, been wanting more often than not. John
Braithwaite is arguably the one who has come the closest, and here I systematically reconstruct and critically discuss the
rules or principles suggested by him for referring cases back and forth between restorative justice and traditional trial
and punishment. I show that we should be sceptical about at least some of the answers provided by Braithwaite, and, thus,
that the necessary use of traditional punishment continues to pose a serious challenge to restorative justice, even at its
current theoretical best.
相似文献
Jakob von Holderstein HoltermannEmail: |
245.
Klaus von Lampe 《Trends in Organized Crime》2010,13(1):109-114
Publication Monitor
Publication monitor 相似文献246.
Andrew von Hirsch 《Criminal Law Forum》1990,1(2):259-290
This article is a substantially revised version of a paper originally prepared for the International Conference on Justice in Punishment, Jerusalem, Israel, March 27–31, 1988. 相似文献
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This article compares the different ways in which, during the post-war decades, the Allied war crimes trials programme responded
to the war criminality of two prominent German officials: Field Marshal Albert Kesselring and SS General Karl Wolff. It explores
the question of why Wolff, whose complicity was arguably much greater than that of Kesselring, received more favourable treatment,
and the role of various political and geo-political factors, including those influencing the interventions of US intelligence
officials, as explanations for this apparent legal discrepancy.
Dr. Kerstin von Lingen is a researcher at the Centre for Studies on Experiences in War (SFB 437 “Kriegserfahrungen”) at Tubingen
University, Germany; Dr. Michael Salter is Professor of Law at The Law School, University of Central Lancashire, United Kingdom. 相似文献
250.
Abstract. The author recalls a distinction between philosophy conceived as "analytics of truth" and philosophy as "ontology of the actual." The latter might be seen as a diagnostics of our times. For this second type of philosophy questions of legitimation are prominent. According to the author, one can distinguish three main sources of legitimacy of beliefs and practices: religion, reason, and nature. Reason has been considered the most important legitimating ground as far as modernity is concerned. Nevertheless, it has never been very clear what reason as a source of legitimation amounts to. The author, finally, points to the fact that, in times of increasing menace to the biosphere, "nature"– metaphorically speaking – may set a standard for human laws. 相似文献