统一战线内部关系变化管见

随着市场经济的建立,社会结构和社会结构中的人的关系都发生了改铸和重塑,促使统一战线内部发生了重大的变化。团结新的社会阶层是实现广泛团结的新领域,是扩大党的群众基础和增强党在全社会的凝聚力的重要内容。     

我国《企业破产法(试行)》存在的几个问题

<正> 随着我国经济体制改革向纵深发展,《企业破产法》有如下几个方面的不足和缺陷。 一、关于企业破产时间问题 《企业破产法》第3条规定,“企业因经营管理不善造成严重亏损,不能清偿到期债务的,依照本法规定,宣告破产。”也就是说,在我国,“不能清偿到期债务”即“清偿不能”是企业法定的破产原因,所谓“清偿不能”不是指债务人主观上不愿清偿或暂时因资金不足等原因未清偿,而是指债务人客观上没有能力清偿到期债务。对此,理伦界、立法及司法部门都有很明确的阐述,并基本上达成共识。但稍显不足的是《企业破产法》对企业破产的时间却没有明确的界定,即没有规定企业负债多少或负债多长时间后应强制申请破产。依据《企业破产     

具体行政行为研究的创新与突破——评方世荣的新著《论具体行政行为》

<正> 具体行政行为是我国行政法学理论研究的一个重要范畴。对具体行政行为性质、地位范围的界定和阐释不仅涉及到行政行为的一般理论,而且关联到行政法的基本原理。自1989年我国《行政诉讼法》对具体行政行为加以明文规定以来,其内涵和外延在行政执法和行政诉讼中更有“牵一发而动全身”之势。然而,对于这样一个重要理论范畴,无论是在行政法学学术界中,还是在行政执法、行政审判的实务界中,都尚未予以足够的重视和加以充分、系统的研究。因此,方世荣教授的新作《论具体行政行为》可以认为是行政法学这一领域内的一部开拓性的著作。 该书以具体行政行为作为思考行政法理论的全新视角,通过这一视角,作者关注和反思行政行为的基本理论以及行政执法与行政审判中诸多重大、疑难问题,提出了一系列独到的见解,新论纷呈。     

promoting freedom from poverty: political mobilization and the role of the Kensington Welfare Rights Union

Contemporary social policy toward low-income women in the United States, as evidenced both by Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) and by the AFDC programme that preceded it, is in part an artefact of long-standing conceptions of the nature of citizenship. This view sees citizenship as resting primarily on civil and political rights, not on rights with respect to economic, social, and cultural matters. Drawing on scholarly literature on the development of international human rights regimes, the feminist literature that analyses social policy both comparatively and in terms of US domestic policy, and literature regarding contemporary movements among low-income persons, this paper analyses the efforts of one organization, the Kensington Welfare Rights Union (KWRU), to challenge US policy via international human rights law and international enforcement mechanisms. We will suggest that, despite some of the flaws of the KWRU, their approach is a promising one for low-income women. In particular, we wish to suggest that a broader conception of citizenship that takes into account economic, cultural, and social rights is necessary to create a more equitable and democratic polity for women.     

西方国家的证券立法

<正> 以1640年英国资产阶级革命为开端,西方各国先后步入了资本主义时代。伴随着西方资本主义经济的发展,各国的证券市场随之发展起来。各国对证券市场管理采用了不同的体制,有的偏重于立法管理,有的偏重于自律管理,但从各国证券市场管理的实践来看,都有着大致相同的发展过程。     

The Social Conditions for Nanomedicine: Disruption, Systems, and Lock-in

Here we consider two ways that nanomedicine might be disruptive. First, low-end disruptions that are intrinsically unpredictable but limited in scope, and second, high end disruptions that involve broader societal issues but can be anticipated, allowing opportunity for ethical reflection.     

Scale, technique and composition effects in the Mexican agricultural sector: the influence of NAFTA and the institutional environment

More than a decade after NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) entered into force, the environmental effects of agricultural trade liberalization in Mexico are still controversial, emerging, and not fully understood. This paper contributes to the literature that aims to explore trends in input use in the agricultural sector in Mexico during the post-NAFTA period among both commercial/industrial and traditional/rainfed farmers, and examines the influence of the national and multilateral institutional framework on these outcomes. We decompose the post-NAFTA agricultural production data into scale, technique and composition effects to estimate the impact that trade liberalization has had on the use of fertilizer and land use, two key agricultural inputs for which reliable aggregate data is available. We conclude that among commercial farmers patterns of crop type specialization and significant technological improvements have led to some declines in fertilizer use but they have been offset by growth in fertilizer use associated with growing agricultural output. Among traditional farmers increased output and specialization in land-intensive grain crops are contributing to an increase in land under cultivation and technological improvements show the potential, but not yet not the strength, to counteract these effects. We analyse the environmental institutional framework and rural development plans, observing that institutional weaknesses have, in several instances, reduced the environmental benefit of technique and composition effects. We conclude with recommendations about how the Mexican agricultural sector might reap the environmental benefits of international agricultural trade.     

论刑事立法方法

<正> 在执法环境和司法人员素质这些外在因素相同的条件下,刑事法律效能的高低主要取决于刑事立法本身的因素,即指导立法的政策思想是否适当以及立法方法是否科学。在刑事政策(这也是需要研究的重大课题)被认为适当的前提下,立法方法的重要性便突出起来。刑事立法方法是我国刑法理论研究中亟待拓荒的一块领地。《刑法》颁行10余年来实施成就显著,为更好地适应社会主义商品经济发展和改革开放的新形势,有些章节条款需要修改和补     

《拉丁美洲标准刑法典》(1971年)

<正> 第一篇刑法的适用第一章刑法的领域范围第1条本法适用于在其领域内和属于其管辖的其他地域内所实施的犯罪行为。第2条本法同样适用于在国外对危害本国内部或外部安全、经济利益或公众健康所实施的犯罪行为。本法也适用于本国公职人员不论属何公民身份在国外所实施的侵犯国家管理的犯罪行为。第3条本法还适用于: 1.发生于停泊在国外的本国商业性或私人的注册船舶或航空器上,且未在实施地受到指控的犯罪行为。