云南佛教文化的多民族性

云南佛教文化具有多民族性的特点.佛教最初传入云南的地区多是少数民族聚居区,有很多少数民族都接受了佛教的影响,同时又在其中注入本民族的文化要素,使之呈现出多种文化交融的特点.云南佛教文化的多民族性特点不仅反映为文化的多样性,而且还表现为文化的一体性,这折射出云南民族文化的本质特征,也揭示出云南民族文化的发展趋势.     

马克思关于"代谢断层"的理论--环境社会学的经典基础

马克思的后期著作系统地提出了关于有机物的再循环以及可持续性等生态观点,强调人类生产与其自然条件之间的"代谢断层"(metabolic rift).这一理论应成为环境社会学的经典基础.     

Theoretical and Empirical Work on the Relationship Between Unemployment and Crime

Part of the ongoing debate between Cantor and Land and Greenberg centers on differing opinions about the question of interest in Cantor and Land (1985). We begin this article with our opinion that Cantor and Land's theory relates changes in the business cycle to changes in the aggregate rate of crime. We then question whether year-to-year changes adequately reflect changes in the business cycle, which last on average 4 years, and we refer to an article by Cook and Zarkin (1985) which presents an alternative method of measuring business cycle changes. We also discuss how Greenberg's use of cointegration provides an alternative way of addressing the difficult statistical problem of nonstationarity without resorting to first differences. Our final contribution involves noticing that opportunity and motivational theories of crime can be structurally identified by focusing on different types of crime rather than temporal lags. We demonstrate this idea by splitting car theft into joyriding and theft for profit. We show that joyriding appears to be driven by opportunity, while the causal structure of theft for profit is less clear.     

民事诉讼法学研究述评

1.关于民事诉讼程序的价值2000年学者们继续强调诉讼法相对于实体法的独立性,但在观点和方法上有所创新。有人从诉权理论历史发展的角度论证诉讼法的独立地位,主张从诉讼法与实体法二元论的立场来确定二者的关系,认为诉讼法和实体法是共同服务于诉讼制度的两个车轮,无主从先后之分。〔1〕有人从法院裁判的生成角度分析,认为民事诉讼程序直接决定着裁判基础的法律事实的提出、认定与范围,因此诉讼法相对于实体法,对于法院裁判更具决定意义。〔2〕有人认为民事程序法与实体法是相互独立又相辅相成的,程序法不是实体法的“助法”,也非其“母法…     

论自然人的民事责任能力

自然人的民事责任能力是一种独立的民事能力而不能为民事行为能力所包容。自然人民事责任能力的判断标准,应以基于意思能力而确定的行为能力状况为一般标准,以财产状况作为确定欠缺行为能力人责任能力的例外标准。限制行为能力人也应有限制的民事责任能力;公平责任的适用与责任能力的确定无关;亲权人与监护人承担替代责任的顺序应有差别。     

知识产权权利竞合研究

在我国法律上,存在知识产权竞合现象,主要表现为各种知识产权之间的权利竞合和知识产权与民法上规定的其他民事权利的权利竞合。处理权利竞合需要进行利益的协调,应统一采用相对的保护在先权原则、对不同权利给予不同水平保护的区别原则、限制权利负面外部效应原则和尊重社会利益原则。     

合作制与集体所有权

集体所有权是在合作制经济中产生和发展起来的所有权形式 ,它不同于共同共有、总有和公司法人所有权。集体所有权的主体是集体经济组织。我国城镇和农村的集体所有权将长期存在     

Medical devices; hearing aids; technical data amendments. Direct final rule

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is amending its regulations governing hearing aid labeling to reference the most recent version of the consensus standard used to determine the technical data to be included in labeling for hearing aids. We are amending the regulations to require that manufacturers may use state-of-the-art methods to provide technical data in hearing aid labeling. FDA is also amending the regulations to update an address and remove an outdated requirement. FDA is amending the regulations in accordance with its direct final rule procedures. Elsewhere in this issue of the Federal Register, we are publishing a companion proposed rule under FDA's usual procedures for notice and comment rulemaking to provide a procedural framework to finalize the rule in the event we receive a significant adverse comment and withdraw this direct final rule.     

International Conference on Harmonisation; Guidance on E15 Pharmacogenomics Definitions and Sample Coding; Availability. Notice

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is announcing the availability of a guidance entitled "E15 Definitions for Genomic Biomarkers, Pharmacogenomics, Pharmacogenetics, Genomic Data and Sample Coding Categories." The guidance was prepared under the auspices of the International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH). The guidance contains definitions of key terms in the discipline of pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics, namely genomic biomarkers, pharmacogenomics, pharmacogenetics, and genomic data and sample coding categories. In the effort to develop harmonized approaches to drug regulation, it is important to ensure that consistent definitions of terminology are being applied across all constituents of the ICH. The guidance is intended to facilitate the integration of the discipline of pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics into global drug development and approval processes.     

International Conference on Harmonisation; Guidance on Q4B Evaluation and Recommendation of Pharmacopoeial Texts for Use in the ICH Regions; Annex on Residue on Ignition/Sulphated Ash General Chapter; Availability. Notice

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is announcing the availability of a guidance entitled "Q4B Evaluation and Recommendation of Pharmacopoeial Texts for Use in the ICH Regions; Annex 1: Residue on Ignition/Sulphated Ash General Chapter.' The guidance was prepared under the auspices of the International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH). The guidance provides the results of the ICH Q4B evaluation of the Residue on Ignition/Sulphated Ash General Chapter harmonized text from each of the three pharmacopeias (United States, European, and Japanese) represented by the Pharmacopoeial Discussion Group (PDG). The guidance conveys recognition of the three pharmacopeial methods by the three ICH regulatory regions and provides specific information regarding the recognition. The guidance is intended to recognize the interchangeability among these texts from the local regional pharmacopeias, thus avoiding redundant testing in favor of a common testing strategy in each regulatory region. Elsewhere in this issue of the Federal Register, FDA is announcing the availability of a guidance on the Q4B process entitled "Q4B Evaluation and Recommendation of Pharmacopoeial Texts for Use in the ICH Regions."