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William Tordoff 《公共行政管理与发展》1995,15(5):495-505
The Kyrghyzstan government is making the difficult transition from a command economy under Communist Party control to a market economy within a pluralist political framework. For the time being, however, the reality of firm executive, hierarchical control persists. An Akim heads the government structure at provincial (oblast) and district (raion) levels and exercises considerable power; though formally answerable for his budget and socio-economic programme to the local parliament (kenesh), his accountability is virtually nil. Some attention is given to equalizing revenue among the provinces: Bishkek, the capital city, which has oblast status, and Chui oblast provide substantial financial underpinning for the rest of the country. In April 1995 the government accepted the main provisions of the EIPA Report prepared under the European Union's TACIS project ED/052, the effect of which should be to enhance the government's ability to promote development. President Akayev sees local administration, local self-government and privatization as important levers of reform. 相似文献
946.
William D. Coleman 《Canadian public administration. Administration publique du Canada》1985,28(3):413-433
Abstract: Generally speaking, the study of interest associations in Canada has focused upon their lobbying or pressure-type activities. As research on these associations has proceeded, we have learned that associations play other roles than policy advocates. They also sometimes participate directly in the design, formulation or implementation of policy. This policy participant role places different organizational and strategical pressures on associations than the usual advocate role. This article defines the two different types of roles that associations might come to play, describes the structural properties that associations are likely to need to play the roles, and assesses the contradictions placed on associations involved in both roles. 相似文献
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Marc A. Wallace 《Public administration review》2003,63(5):562-572
Critics regarded the selection of urban empowerment zones and enterprise communities by Secretary Cisneros in 1994 as sympathetic to President Clinton's considerations. However, the secretary countered that cities were chosen based on their ability to revitalize their communities successfully, as outlined in their applications. To determine whether the secretary responded to top-down presidential preferences, data from the complete list of applications is used to test four hypotheses derived from principal—agent theory. The results of the logistic regression models do not validate the significance of the presidential variables (for instance, presidential support score for each city's congressional delegation, marginal districts, and 1992 state vote for President Clinton). Rather, many of the nonpresidential variables (community participation, size of the empowerment zone or enterprise community, and poverty) were significant in supporting the secretary's contention. 相似文献
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William Wilson 《Criminal Law and Philosophy》2007,1(2):157-177
In a rational system defences should interlock with the elements of the offence to ensure that conviction labels are differentiated
according to the defendant’s degree of wrongdoing and culpability. The overall grading structure of criminal homicide, as
represented in contemporary doctrine, goes some way to reflect this ethic. But the substance lacks precision and, in some
key details, moral coherence. The recent Law Commission Consultation Paper, in a pragmatic and sensible attempt to rid the
law and procedure of murder of the malign influence of the mandatory sentence, has unnecessarily compromised such structural
coherence as it currently enjoys and which could properly form a satisfactory basis for reform already precise and morally
coherent. This is evident both in relation to the abandonment of the attack based template for the fault element in murder,
and also in the unwillingness to view the partial defences as affecting the wrong in homicide as opposed to the grade. 相似文献