影响警察实战训练诸因素的分析及其对策

影响警察实战训练的主要因素包括:领导因素、教官因素、训练对象因素、训练内容因素、训练物质保障因素等。要采取有效措施,促进各级领导树立重视警察实战训练的意识、大力培养合格教官、充分调动和激发学员的训练热情和主观能动性、完善设施设备等硬件建设等,使警察训练的开展能达到预期的目标。     

Crowdfunding industry—History,development, policies,and potential issues

Crowdfunding has gained a great deal of attention from policy makers, researchers, and practitioners. This paper attempts to provide an overview of the history and development of the industry and discusses different types of crowdfunding and their public policies. It is identified that the operation of peer‐to‐peer lending and equity‐based crowdfunding is regulated by the Financial Authority; the reward‐based crowdfunding (RBC) and donation‐based crowdfunding (DBC) is yet to be regulated, neither in the United Kingdom or United States. The lack of rules and regulations in the latter two models highlights the burning issues such as potential fraud and malpractice. Therefore, we suggest that it is timely to consider regulating the two types of crowdfunding possibly by governance mechanism with reporting requirements to keep track of the fund and to provide timely information. Additionally, it is advisable that practitioners to work on an agreed framework to establish industry standard, so potential investors can compare and assess the quality of projects easily. Finally, the management of crowdfunding platforms especially the RBC and DBC platforms should be improved. The ease of launching campaigns has made it difficult for both initiators and investors to succeed in the crowdfunding process. Further research to develop some form of assessment framework would be useful to both parties.     

Pioneer of moral education: Independent comission against corruption (ICAC)

Conclusion The ICAC has produced a wide spectrum of moral education packages, each serving different objectives and targeted at specific life tasks of young people. An activity-oriented and life-exposure model is emphasized, and the participation of pupils, teachers and parents is encouraged. Training workshops are organized for teachers, and teaching aids and manuals are also supplied. It is a whole-school approach, trying to reach pupils through various appropriate channels. It is also a wholeperson developmental approach, helping young people to progress from self integrity, family commitment, constructive inter-personal relationships, positive work ethics, to social responsibilities. Overall, it is a satisfactory model.     

Resistance to the mainlandization of criminal justice practices: a barrier to the development of restorative justice in Hong Kong

This article examines the political and legal barriers to introducing restorative justice (RJ) in Hong Kong. It argues that the processes involved in RJ may be in conflict with the rule of law, which is regarded by the citizens of Hong Kong as sacrosanct in their resistance to the "mainlandization" of criminal justice practices after China resumed sovereignty of Hong Kong. It is argued that, because it could admit such potentially harmful Chinese criminal justice concepts as "rule by the people," "absence of the presumption of innocence," "leniency for self-confession and severity for resistance," and "toeing the party line," RJ would be devoid of any restorative substance and could breach the principles of due process.     

Diversion from youth courts in five Asia Pacific jurisdictions: welfare or restorative solutions

Since the 1970s, there has been a trend to move away from punitive and retributive approaches to reintegrative practices. This article provides an account of how young offenders in five Asia Pacific jurisdictions are diverted from being prosecuted in the youth courts and of to where they are diverted. The five cases demonstrate that diversionary measures in the Australasian jurisdictions tend to be more restorative in their practices than are those in Chinese-dominated jurisdictions, which adopt welfare responses. It is concluded that although there is some progress in the areas of decarceration and delegalization, the diversion goals of decategorization and deprofessionalization in Chinese-dominated jurisdictions have yet to be achieved. Such diversionary strategies carry the risk that many more young people committing minor offences may be subject to more intrusive measures and disguised social control in the name of diversion, welfare, or the prevention of future offending.     

User-friendly programs for easy calculations in paternity testing and kinship determinations

Four computer programs are developed for easy calculations of likelihood ratios (LRs) for paternity testing and kinship determinations. The programs are constructed based on the concepts of Bayes Theorem, conditional probability and pedigree analysis. Computer enumeration is used for handling the calculations. The programs have wide applicability, and users can save and check the results easily. The programs employ the distinctive pull-down manual, making them very easy to use. In this paper, we explain the theory and describe various features of the software.     

基层和一线公安民警开展警务实战技能训练模式的新探索

广州市公安局海珠区分局在大练兵活动中,所开展的基层和一线民警实战技能训练模式,具有以实战为导向、较好处理工训矛盾、发挥战训班的多种效能、有效整合有限的警力资源,做到“战训合一”等特点。对基层和一线民警持续深入进行大练兵活动,提供经验和启示。