Development of hand-wrist bones of 14 year-old adolescents. II. Standard of bony age for girls

OBJECTIVE: To study the current development of hand-wrist bones of adolescents in China, and establish special forensic bony age standard for estimating 14 years of criminal responsible age in female adolescents. METHODS: One hundred and ten healthy girls aged from 13 years and 9 months to 14 years and 3 months in Lengshuijiang district of Hunan province were enrolled in this study. X-ray films of their left hand-wrists were taken dorsaventrally, and 15 sites on the wrist x-ray films were examined and measured under standard condition. The development grade was confirmed by maximal percentage to establish a method to estimate the bony age, which was then checked by single blind method. RESULTS: Development grade of the radius, the middle third phalanx and the fourth phalanx was partially closed (> 2/3), and the rest was wholly-closed with existence of the epiphyseal line. The development grade of the middle third phalanx and fourth phalanx was different between the younger group (< 14 years, partially closed, > 2/3) and the older group (> 14 years, mostly closed with existence of only epiphyseal line). The cross diameter of the osteoepiphysises were wider than that of all the diaphysises. The confirmed accuracy (in 30 girls) was 83.3%. CONCLUSION: Our study seemes to be feasible in establishing the estimation standard for bony age determination. The standard established by developmental metaphysis and authropometry may be particularly helpful in forensic practice for estimation of accurate criminal responsible age in adolescents.     

Turkish Nationhood: Civic and Ancestral and Cultural

This article challenges two established views in the literature on Turkish nationalism. First, that Turkish nationhood in the early republican era was civic and ethnic and, second, that, while Turkish nationhood was inclusive and egalitarian in constitutional texts, in the early years of the Turkish Republic and in the case of Turkish citizens of Muslim origin, it became exclusive or discriminatory in citizenship practices once the Republic was consolidated and in the case of non-Muslim Turkish citizens. Contra these two established views, I first argue that Turkish nationhood was not civic and ethnic, but it was actually civic and ancestral and cultural. Secondly, relying on an examination of legal texts produced and citizenship practices pursued in the years between 1918 and 1924, I argue that the Turkish nationhood was exclusive and discriminatory both theoretically and practically, on paper as well as in practice, both at the time of the foundation of the republic and once the regime had become consolidated.     

Who Chooses STEM Careers? Using A Relative Cognitive Strength and Interest Model to Predict Careers in Science,Technology, Engineering,and Mathematics

Career aspirations in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) are formulated in adolescence, making the high school years a critical time period for identifying the cognitive and motivational factors that increase the likelihood of future STEM employment. While past research has mainly focused on absolute cognitive ability levels in math and verbal domains, the current study tested whether relative cognitive strengths and interests in math, science, and verbal domains in high school were more accurate predictors of STEM career decisions. Data were drawn from a national longitudinal study in the United States (N?=?1762; 48?% female; the first wave during ninth grade and the last wave at age 33). Results revealed that in the high-verbal/high-math/high-science ability group, individuals with higher science task values and lower orientation toward altruism were more likely to select STEM occupations. In the low-verbal/moderate-math/moderate-science ability group, individuals with higher math ability and higher math task values were more likely to select STEM occupations. The findings suggest that youth with asymmetrical cognitive ability profiles are more likely to select careers that utilize their cognitive strengths rather than their weaknesses, while symmetrical cognitive ability profiles may grant youth more flexibility in their options, allowing their interests and values to guide their career decisions.     

大陆地区台湾研究发展脉络视角下的《台湾研究》学术影响力评价——基于CNKI、CSSCI与《人大复印报刊资料》的统计分析

本文基于CNKI、CSSCI与《人大复印报刊资料》提供的数据,从载文特点、被引特征、影响因子、网络传播趋势、共被引网络和关键词共现网络等方面,分析了《台湾研究》的学术影响力。结果表明：《台湾研究》在大陆地区台湾研究发展进程中具有重要的学术地位和影响力。     

"文革"时期群众组织产生与社会心理探析

"文革"时期群众组织从其产生直至消亡自始至终制约着"文革"的发展过程。本文以社会心理学的视角对这场运动加以审视,力图说明"文革"时期群众组织的产生,有着广泛的社会心态基础。探究"文革"时期广大民众参加组织所蕴含价值取向的心理特征,对正在向现代化迈进的中国国民有着深刻的反思意义。     

马克思主义中国化最新成果的法规体现

党的十七大修改通过的新党章,是马克思主义中国化最新成果的法规体现.进入新世纪、新阶段以来,我党面临一系列新情况、新问题,党章的修改具有其必要性和重要性.2007年9月17日召开的中央政治局会议为修改党章提供了新定位,党的十七大集中在理论、战略和机制三个方面对党章进行了修改.学习和贯彻新党章应当成为每一个党员的自觉行动.     

试论代议民主与网络民主

本文对网络民主与代议民主进行了比较,并得出结论:在网络的时代背景下,须将代议民主和网络民主结合起来,以网络民主为重要手段,借助网络数字平台来改善代议民主信息摄取的不及时和不完整;以代议民主来弥补网络民主决策的低效并解决其权威性问题。这样,网络民主与代议民主实现互补才能真正促进民主的发展。     

党政合作机制与党政职能分开

在中国的执政党与政府的关系中,有两个既对立又统一的特征即党政合作机制与党政职能分开。党政合作机制是党委领导制的一种基本存在形式,执政党通过这种形式实现了对国家机构的领导,同时,这一机制也涵盖了共产党领导的多党合作制度;党政职能分开则明确了党政领导的权限和党政权力的互相监督与制约,体现了民主政治的要求。认识和处理好党政关系的两个基本特征及辩证关系,有利于提高党的执政能力,有利于促进党政关系的良性互动。     

美国国会拨款法案中的涉华条款

20世纪80年代以来,美国国会通过涉华立法对美国对华政策施加了重要影响。其中,美国国会在年度拨款案中附加了相当数量的涉华法,其内容涉及对华安全防范和出口管制、涉台和涉藏事务、人权等领域。这些涉华条款对中国核心利益和中美关系产生了不容忽视的消极影响。     

质疑民间文学艺术作品的著作权保护

我国现有立法把民间文学艺术作品纳入到著作权法的保护范围。但是在仔细探究民间文学艺术作品和著作权的概念和属性后,不难发现:民间文学艺术是产生于、存在于、发展于公有领域的智力成果,权利主体无法确定,不适合著作权法的设权保护模式。从民间文学艺术作品和著作权的概念入手分析,民间文学艺术作品不应由著作权法提供保护,民间文学艺术作品的"保护",是"保存"之意,应用非物质文化遗产的保护办法拯救民间文学艺术作品。