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931.
Cristiano Aguiar de Oliveira 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2018,34(1):111-137
Objectives
This study evaluates the effects of precaution technologies (i.e., window bars, extra locks, alarms and electric fences, CCTV, private security, dogs and combinations of these tools) on household burglary and robbery in Brazil.Methods
Using a sample of 121,042 unique households from the Brazilian National Household Sample Survey for 2009, this study estimates a Recursive Bivariate Probit to obtain the average treatment effect of these precaution technologies in the likelihood of home burglary and robbery victimization.Results
This study demonstrates that technology does not reduce home burglaries, but certain combinations of technologies may reduce home robberies. The combination of electric fences and alarms with private security reduces the likelihood of home robbery by 9.5 %, and when combined with a dog, these technologies reduce the likelihood of home robbery by 86 %.Conclusions
No precaution technology is able to prevent crimes when employed independently. Occupancy combined with a set of technologies can reduce the expected victimization in crimes against property.932.
Meritxell Pérez Ramírez María Sánchez López Andrea Giménez-Salinas Framis Manuel de Juan Espinosa 《Journal of Sexual Aggression》2018,24(2):225-239
We have analysed the information in 342 police reports of stranger sexual offences recorded in 2010. We have carried out a multiple correspondence analysis and a cluster analysis using modus operandi variables to identify differential profiles in these types of sexual offences. We have come up with three profiles of stranger sexual offences, which concur in the two techniques used. By analysing the personal variables of the offenders with such profiles, we have found differences in terms of the offender’s country of origin and age. We will discuss the consequences of these results on the police investigation of stranger sexual offences. 相似文献
933.
Arent de Jongh Ph.D. Anko R. Lubach Sheryl L. Lie Kwie M.A. Ivo Alberink Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2019,64(1):108-119
Latent print examiners often use their experience and knowledge to reach a conclusion on the identity of the source. Their conclusion is primarily based on their personal opinion on the rarity of the matching fingerprint features. Fingerprint patterns, if present, can play a significant role in the final assessment of a match. The authors believe that statistical data on the rarity of fingerprint patterns strengthens the subjective evaluation of the corresponding information. In order to provide fingerprint examiners with additional numerical support, fingerprint patterns were manually classified in a set of 24,104 fingerprints. In this study the frequencies of occurrence of 35 different fingerprint patterns have been obtained. The frequency data presented in this study can be used in the ACE‐V process applied in forensic casework, allowing for the assessment of the evidential strength related to a specific fingerprint pattern type. 相似文献
934.
Claire A. J. van den Eeden M.Sc. Christianne J. de Poot Ph.D. Peter J. van Koppen Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2019,64(1):120-126
A large body of research has described the influence of context information on forensic decision‐making. In this study, we examined the effect of context information on the search for and selection of traces by students (N = 36) and crime scene investigators (N = 58). Participants investigated an ambiguous mock crime scene and received prior information indicating suicide, a violent death or no information. Participants described their impression of the scene and wrote down which traces they wanted to secure. Results showed that context information impacted first impression of the scene and crime scene behavior, namely number of traces secured. Participants in the murder condition secured most traces. Furthermore, the students secured more crime‐related traces. Students were more confident in their first impression. This study does not indicate that experts outperform novices. We therefore argue for proper training on cognitive processes as an integral part of all forensic education. 相似文献
935.
Marta R. P. Flores M.Sc. Carlos E. P. Machado Ph.D. Matteo D. Gallidabino Ph.D. Gustavo H. M. de Arruda Ph.D. Ricardo H. A. da Silva Ph.D. Flávio B. de Vidal Ph.D. Rodolfo F. H. Melani Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2019,64(3):828-838
Positioning landmarks in facial photo‐anthropometry (FPA) applications remains today a highly variable procedure, as traditional cephalometric definitions are used as guidelines. Herein, a novel landmark‐positioning approach, specifically adapted for FPA applications, is introduced and, in particular, assessed against the conventional cephalometric definitions for the analysis of 16 landmarks on ten frontal images by two groups of examiners (with and without professional knowledge of anatomy). Results showed that positioning reproducibility was significantly better using the novel method. Indeed, in contrast to the classic approach, very low landmark dispersions were observed for both groups of examiners, which were usually below the strictest clinical standards (i.e., 0.575 mm). Furthermore, the comparison between the two groups of examiners highlighted higher dispersion consistencies, which supported a higher robustness. Thus, the use of an adapted landmark‐positioning approach proved to be highly advantageous in FPA analysis and future work in this field should consider adopting similar methodologies. 相似文献
936.
Belisa M. Lunas M.Sc. Michele C. de Paula Ph.D. Kamylla B. Michelutti Ph.D. Sidnei E. Lima‐Junior Ph.D. William F. Antonialli‐Junior Ph.D. Claudia A. L. Cardoso Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2019,64(6):1720-1725
One of the most important contributions of forensic entomology is to assist criminal expertise to determine the postmortem interval, which depends on the duration of the immature stages of insects of forensic interest. On the other hand, the time of development of the different stages varies according to the species; therefore, its identification is essential. Currently, few studies have investigated the use of cuticular hydrocarbons, and none regarding fatty acids, as complementary taxonomic tools to expedite species identification. Therefore, we evaluated whether cuticular hydrocarbons together with fatty acids of eggs of flies of the family Calliphoridae, main group of forensic interest, can be used to distinguish species. The analyses were performed by chromatographic techniques. The results show that there are significant differences between the composition of cuticular hydrocarbons and fatty acids between species and, therefore, they can be used to provide a complementary taxonomic tool to expedite the forensic expertise. 相似文献
937.
938.
Maya Suter Sandrine Pihet Grégoire Zimmermann Jill de Ridder Sébastien Urben Philippe Stephan 《The journal of forensic psychiatry & psychology》2017,28(6):881-900
This study investigated whether implicit attitude (IA) and implicit self-concept (ISC) towards transgression predicted daily-life antisocial behaviour (ASB) in institutionalized adolescents. Eighty-seven adolescents completed two Implicit Association Tests (IAT) assessing IA and ISC towards transgression, and reported four times a day during eight days the intensity of their ASB. Staff members concurrently reported the intensity of each adolescent’s ASB. Adolescents filled in the Inventory for Callous-Unemotional Traits and answered a semi-structured interview assessing conduct disorder. Multilevel regression analyses confirmed that adolescents’ ISC towards transgression significantly predicted their self - and staff-reported ASB over and above conduct disorder and callous-unemotional traits. However, adolescents’ IA towards transgression did not predict their ASB. Results indicate that ISC towards transgression is a reliable predictor of daily-life ASB in institutionalized adolescents. These results suggest that transgression-related ISC represents a promising target for ASB prevention in institutionalized adolescents. 相似文献
939.
Jacques de Ville 《Law and Critique》2010,21(1):17-37
In this article the Derrida/Foucault debate is scrutinised with two closely related aims in mind: (1) reconsidering the way
in which Foucault’s texts, and especially the more recently published lectures, should be read; and (2) establishing the relation
between law and madness. The article firstly calls for a reading of Foucault which exceeds metaphysics with the security it
offers, by taking account of Derrida’s reading of Foucault as well as of the heterogeneity of Foucault’s texts. The article
reflects in detail on a text of Derrida on Foucault (‘Cogito and the History of Madness’) as well as a text of Foucault on
Blanchot (‘Maurice Blanchot: The Thought from Outside’). The latter text shows that Foucault was at times acutely aware of
the difficulty involved in exceeding metaphysics and that he realised the importance in this regard of a reflection on literature.
These reflections tie in closely with Foucault’s History of Madness as well as with Derrida’s reflections on literature and on madness. Both Derrida and Foucault contend that law has much to
learn from literature in understanding the relation between itself and madness. Literature more specifically points to law’s
‘origin’ in madness. The article contends that a failure to take seriously this origin, also in the reading of Foucault’s
lectures, would amount to a denial by law of itself. 相似文献
940.
“行为”是犯罪最基本的分析单位和最基本的特征要素,是刑法学研究的逻辑起点。对贩卖假毒品行为的定性及处罚不仅仅是司法实践中的难题,而且涉及到许多刑法理论问题,诸如不能犯与未遂犯的区别,行为无价值论与结果无价值论的争议等。本文主张以结果无价值为基本根据评价行为的实质违法性,如果行为人不知是假毒品而以毒品进行贩卖的,不应以贩卖毒品罪追究其刑事责任。 相似文献