Mitochondrial DNA error prophylaxis: assessing the causes of errors in the GEP'02-03 proficiency testing trial

A qualitative and quantitative analytical method was developed and validated for the determination of 49 licit and illicit drugs in oral fluid. Small oral fluid samples, volume 1mL, were collected from volunteers using a modified Omni-Sal device and the analytes were extracted from an oral fluid/buffer mixture using a single Bond Elut Certify solid phase extraction cartridge. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) and gas chromatography-repetitive full scan mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used in parallel to analyze the extracts for the targeted drugs. Extracts were analyzed by GC-MS in their underivatized form and as their pentafluoropropionyl derivatives. Deuterated internal standards were used for quantification of drugs of abuse by LC-MS-MS to minimize matrix effects. Methadone-d(9) and tumoxetine were used as the internal standards for quantification of non-derivatized and derivatized analytes respectively by GC-MS. Linearity was demonstrated over the range 5-200 ng/mL and limits of detection were less than 4 ng/mL for each drug analyzed. The method demonstrated acceptable recoveries for most of the analytes and good intra- and inter-day precision. Acquisition of data by repetitive full scan GC-MS allows the addition of further analytes to the target menu.     

在荷兰东印度公司以前居住印度尼西亚的中国人

印度尼西亞和中國的關係由來已經很久。根据在松巴哇發現的一个东山時代(大約公元前五百年左右)的青銅鼓和在青銅鼓上装飾着一个人騎着馬、穿着韃靼人的服装的圖画來看,有理由,而且有足够的理由推測,印度尼西亞和中國的關係自从史前時代就已經廣泛地開始建立了(參看雅加達博物館史前文物第3364号和樊得賀編(Dth.van der Hoop)的“史前文物珍藏目錄”第213頁)。明顯的事实是印度尼西亞最古老的歷史,那就是从公元初開始的歷史,是从中國得來的(參看克倫納斐(W.P.Groen Veldt)著的馬來羣島和馬六甲的記載”一書)。伯希和(Paul Pelliot)也这样推測,卽在那个時期,印变尼西亞和中     

《回忆》一书的几个章节(续二)

宇宙纪元的十月一战后新的一代苏联人进入了宇宙时代的生活。青年人有时很难想象,四分之一世纪以前,既没有卫星,没有宇航员,也没有到月球、火星、金星的飞行。而仅仅有对这类飞行的幻想,许多世纪以来人类能抱有的幻想。有一位诗人说得很正确:“我们来到世上,为的是把神话变成事实……”正是我国人民开始了宇宙世纪的读数。当地球上的亿万人知道发射了第一颗人造地球卫星的那一天,那个时刻才初次触及宇宙     

我在越南的古拉格

黎文德是法籍越南人,越南南方解放前曾在阮文绍军队中任上校。胡志明市诞生后,他为其日耳曼籍的表兄弟非利浦·弗朗希尼管理大陆酒店,不久该酒店移交新政府,他就被关押在再教育营。原文是黎文德叙述其在再教育营的前后经历。现摘译部份内容以供参考。     

瑞典离婚法的改革

<正> 长期以来,社会非宗教化的不断发展和妇女外出工作数字的上升,无疑是离婚法改变的主要原因。瑞典对这个问题表现出非常的匆促态度,是由于它的激进政府对该项试验具有较大的兴趣。在十六世纪,瑞典正式从罗马天主教转变到路德教。从那时起,连续几个世纪,改革家马丁·路德的思想对瑞典婚姻立法有很大的影响。据根路德的意见,离婚的两个理由是通奸或遗弃。在1863年,如果当事人是一个基督教徒和一个犹太人,允许不采用宗教仪式的婚姻;在1908年,也允许其他人不采用宗教仪式的婚姻。但是绝大多数婚姻仍然是宗教婚姻。所以,瑞典的传统是,婚姻通常应延续到配偶一方死亡为止。即使离婚的数字在近年来上升很快,但大多数婚姻仍延续到配偶一方死亡为止。     

刑事侦查技术(八) 八、同各种危害人身和公共秩序的犯罪行为作斗争

<正> 苏联宪法不仅宣布,并且保障苏联公民真正的民主权利和自由。苏俄和其他各加盟共和国的刑法典都规定,对生命、健康和人格的侵犯是一种严重的刑事犯罪,应该受到最严厉的惩罚。人身伤害、虐待、性犯罪、侮辱、诽谤和某些其他犯罪,就属于这类犯罪。有一些侵犯人身罪包括在危害管理秩序罪一章中(苏俄刑法典第十一章),特别是专门列举了对履行     

印度尼西亚的对外贸易

国际贸易市场不景气和世界资本主义经济萧条正在对印度尼西亚的对外贸易产生不良影响。这个国家的出口增长率由一九八○至八一年度(财政年度,从四月一日起)的百分之二十四点五下降为一九八一至八二年度的百分之六点六,出口值为二百三十七亿一     

STR analysis of artificially degraded DNA-results of a collaborative European exercise

Degradation of human DNA extracted from forensic stains is, in most cases, the result of a natural process due to the exposure of the stain samples to the environment. Experiences with degraded DNA from casework samples show that every sample may exhibit different properties in this respect, and that it is difficult to systematically assess the performance of routinely used typing systems for the analysis of degraded DNA samples. Using a batch of artificially degraded DNA with an average fragment size of approx. 200 bp a collaborative exercise was carried out among 38 forensic laboratories from 17 European countries. The results were assessed according to correct allele detection, peak height and balance as well as the occurrence of artefacts. A number of common problems were identified based on these results such as strong peak imbalance in heterozygous genotypes for the larger short tandem repeat (STR) fragments after increased PCR cycle numbers, artefact signals and allelic drop-out. Based on the observations, strategies are discussed to overcome these problems. The strategies include careful balancing of the amount of template DNA and the PCR cycle numbers, the reaction volume and the amount of Taq polymerase. Furthermore, a careful evaluation of the results of the fragment analysis and of automated allele calling is necessary to identify the correct alleles and avoid artefacts.