应用高剂量辐照童虫免疫接种耕牛预防日本血吸虫病

近年来,应用虫苗防制血吸虫病是令人感兴趣的研究课题。李书颖、徐锡藩于1969年首先提出的高剂量辐照童虫制成的致弱活苗,虽然其实际应用的可能性尚待研究,但看来是最有希望的虫苗。从1978年至1980年英国和苏丹的研究者在伦敦卫生和热带病学院的倡导下联合研究了应用辐照童虫免疫接种牛犊,使其抵抗牛血吸虫尾蚴感染的攻击,这项工作已在实验室和苏丹该病流行区自然感染的放牧区进行,减虫率和减卵率约为60％至70％,希望牛血吸虫病最终通过童虫苗的应用而在苏丹得到控制。     

对受迫害者进行对照研究时的流行病学问题

<正> 迫害存在于90多个国家中,但对于迫害对人体健康影响的研究只是在近几年内才开展起来的。通过交叉研究证明由现代类型的迫害所引起的症状和体征多没有特殊性。受迫害人的临床表现与受其它压力所引起的临床表现相似。其中的一些,如不断的迫害,既可见于被迫害者又见于对照组。受迫害者的个别症状,如头痛记忆受损,焦虑、睡眠障碍和疲乏在所有     

Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority

England's Court of Appeal, Civil Division, ruled that parents had the right to prevent a physician at the local health authority from prescribing contraceptives to girls under the age of 16 without parental consent. Since a girl was legally incapable of giving valid consent in other matters before that age, neither could she give valid consent to contraception or abortion. A doctor who provided contraception or abortion treatment to a girl under 16, except in an emergency or with permission of the court, would infringe on the legal rights of the parents. An appeal was taken to the House of Lords.     

Unity Dow v. Attorney-General (Botswana) [June 1991

The plaintiff was a citizen of Botswana, married to a non-citizen, whose children had been denied citizenship under a provision of the Citizenship Act 1984 that conferred citizenship on a child born in Botswana only if "a) his father was a citizen of Botswana; or b) in the case of a person born out-of-wedlock, his mother was a citizen of Botswana." The plaintiff claimed that this provision violated guarantees of the Botswana Constitution. The High Court agreed, holding that the provision infringed the right to liberty, the right not to be expelled from Botswana, the right not to be subjected to degrading treatment, and the right not to be discriminated against on the basis of sex. It concluded that the right to liberty had been infringed because the provision hampered a woman's free choice to marry a non-citizen and, in fact, undermined marriage; that the right not to be expelled from Botswana was infringed because, if the plaintiff's resident permit was not renewed she would be forced to leave Botswana if she desired to stay with her family; and that the right not to be subjected to degrading treatment was infringed because any law discriminating against women constitutes an offense against human dignity. This decision was subsequently upheld by the Botswana Court of Appeal.     

South Glamorgan County Council v. W and B

A Family Division English court held that a minor can be admitted to a psychiatric care facility against her wishes if it is in the best interest of the minor. The affected minor had been previously assessed by various psychiatrists and social workers after she had refused to attend school and begun to lead a reclusive life. Their recommendation had been that she be removed from her present home with her father and be admitted into an adolescent unit where she could receive psychological therapy. Following the divorce of her parents, the minor's temperament and mental health had seriously deteriorated. Although her father opposed these proceedings, her mother and her court appointed guardian both thought that psychiatric care was most appropriate for the minor. The court agreed, stating that the best interests of the child override any other considerations.     

Attorney General v. X

In this case in which a 14-year-old girl said she had become pregnant after being raped by her friend's father, the Attorney General of Ireland had enjoined the girl and her parents from traveling to England for an abortion. A psychologist had testified that in her present state of mind, the girl was suicidal. The Supreme Court of Ireland held that the right to life supersedes all other rights, including the right to travel. However, if there is a real and substantial risk to the life of the mother which can only be avoided by termination of the pregnancy, then an abortion is permissible. The Court determined that the girl's risk of suicide satisfied this condition, and therefore the girl was allowed to terminate her pregnancy.