Obstructive all the way? British policy towards German unification 1989–90

British policy towards German unification has been judged to be at best reluctant, at worst obstructive. This article seeks to revise that perception, using documents from the Federal Chancellor's Office and the author's interviews with British and German diplomats and politicians. It distinguishes between the rhetoric of the British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and the policy of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. The latter played a leading role in the Two Plus Four talks that resolved the external issues involved in German unification, and made a particular contribution to devising the formula for the termination of Four Power Rights over a unified Germany.     

欧华联会的欧盟治理参与:路径、实践与趋势

欧盟治理的拓展为欧华联会的治理参与创造了宏观背景与路径。成立20年来,欧华联会在制度建设、政治参与、经济合作、公共外交、文化交流、次区域治理合作等方面积极参与欧盟及其成员国治理合作,对促进欧洲华侨华人社会的发展产生了积极影响。随着欧盟次国家治理的发展以及欧华联会治理能力的不断提升,其参与程度和治理成效更加值得期待。     

Investigation on the genetic-inconsistent paternity cases using the MiSeq FGx system

Mutations might challenge the paternity index calculation in forensic identification. While many studies have focussed on the autosomal short tandem repeats (A-STR), the mutation status of sex chromosomes and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) remain blank. Next generation sequencing (NGS), known as high throughput and large sequence polymorphism, is a promising tool for forensic genetics. To describe the mutation landscapes in the paternity cases with genetic inconsistencies, a total of 63 parentage confirmed paternity cases contained at least one mismatched locus have been collected. The mutations were subsequently evaluated using Verogen’s MPS ForenSeq^TM DNA Signature Kit and a microsatellite instability (MSI) detection kit. The result showed 98.41% (62/63) of the cases had no additional autosomal mutations even when the number of A-STRs increased to 27. As for the sex chromosomes, about 11.11% (7/63) of the cases exhibited either X-STR or Y-STR mutations. D2S1338, FGA and Penta E were the most frequent altered STRs, which suggested they might be the mutation hotspots. In addition, a male with sex chromosome abnormality was observed accidently, whose genotype might be 47, XXY, rather than MSI. Nearly 56.90% of the STR loci possessed isoalleles, which might result in higher STR polymorphisms. No Mendelian incompatibility was detected among the SNP markers, which indicated that SNP was a more reliable genetic marker in the genetic-inconsistent paternity cases.Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/20961790.2021.2009631 .     

中小企业融资制度的缺陷分析及矫正点选择

股份制改造后,银行贷款逐渐成为中小企业发展规模、扩大投资的重要手段。在近年来的中小企业投资资金来源中,金融机构贷款占到了接近一半的比重。尽管如此,当前金融机构服务供给和中小企业服务需求之间的矛盾,仍导致了金融服务在数量上的不足和效率上的低下。因此必须对现有的制度缺陷进行改革,提高间接融资的效率,促进中小企业进一步发展。     

受贿罪证据标准思考

受贿犯罪腐蚀了国家肌体,动摇了社会的根基,为人民群众深恶痛绝,也是反腐败斗争中重点打击的对象。然而,就目前而言,受贿犯罪仍呈现高发态势,其在贪污贿赂犯罪中的比例也居高不下,究其原因,除了受贿案件取证难外,其中很重要的一点是司法实践中对受贿罪证据标准的把握存在困难,以至在现实中,逐渐形成了惩处受贿犯罪“宁纵勿错”的思想,给了受贿犯罪分子以可乘之机。因此,探讨受贿罪证据标准问题,有助于我们正确把握受贿罪证据标准,从而加大对受贿犯罪的惩治力度。本文试从受贿罪证据标准的概念、含义,受贿罪证据标准的法律要求,受贿罪证据标准的现实基点以及受贿罪证据标准的构想四个方面,对受贿罪证据标准问题作一粗浅的分析与思考。     

论中共第三代领导集体发展观的基本内涵及创新

本文着重从四个方面分别介绍和分析了以江泽民同志为核心的第三代领导集体发展观的基本内涵和创新之处。从中可以发现,第三代领导集体的发展观,既有与我们党第一代和第二代领导集体的发展观一脉相承的一面,同时又显现出鲜明的时代特色和创新。     

论《食品安全法》的法定召回义务及其民事责任

<食品安全法>确立了民事法律规则体系上召回的法定作为义务及其损害赔偿责任.召回制度是基于公共政策选择而确立的行政管理制度,但其调整的基础关系仍是私领域的交易消费关系.召回的法定作为义务在民法上属于交易安全义务,违反该义务引起民法上的侵权责任是结果责任,与一般的产品侵权责任有联系而又有不同.侵权责任立法中构建召回侵权责任规则,具有重要的理论和实践意义.     

试论党对工会的领导

党需要利用工会广泛地联系着职工群众的优势,全面地掌握职工群众的觉悟程度、情绪、愿望和要求,在此基础上确定自己的工作方针;又通过工会所组织的群众性活动能够吸引职工自愿参加的优势,把党的政治主张变成职工群众的自觉行动。     

酸味中药复方对糖尿病大鼠肾小球病变的作用

目的：探讨酸味中药复方对糖尿病肾小球病变的影响。方法：应用免疫组织化学和图像分析法检测了肾小球内高级糖化产物、血小板源生长因子－Ａ以及毛细血管基膜与系膜区的结果变化。结果：糖尿病大鼠肾小球终末糖化产物增加,肾小球血小板源生长因－Ａ明显增高,肾小球发生基膜增厚和系膜增宽的病理变化。结论：酸味中药复方对糖尿病大鼠肾的非酶糖化反应和血管病变有一定的抑制作用。     

合同诈骗罪之“非法占有目的”探索

＂非法占有目的＂是合同诈骗罪构成要素之一,对其准确理解、把握是正确定罪量刑的基础。刑法上的＂非法占有＂不等同于民法上的＂非法占有＂,也不能简单理解为＂非法所有＂或者＂非法占用＂。其成立既需要排除权利者意思,也要有利用处分意思。司法实践中对＂非法占有目的＂的探寻应当立足于案件证据,采用司法推定方式,排除合理怀疑。