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301.
Despite the wide‐ranging use of performance measures within the public sector and the growing use of performance bonuses to recognize performance achievements, the use of formal performance standards adjustment procedures in public performance measurement systems is relatively rare. Burt S. Barnow of Johns Hopkins University and Carolyn J. Heinrich of the University of Wisconsin–Madison set forth the basic arguments in favor of and against the use of formal or informal procedures for adjusting performance expectations. They describe how performance standards adjustments processes are currently (or have been) in use, review the evidence of their effectiveness or problems encountered in their application, and explore the consequences of the inadequacy of performance standards adjustments. The authors offer recommendations for the improvement of public sector performance measurement systems and conclude why this area remains fruitful for future research experimentation. The nice thing about standards is that there are so many of them to choose from. —Andrew S. Tannenbaum 相似文献
302.
Photography is widely accepted as a means of forensic case documentation and evaluation. In cases of criminal dismemberment digital microscopy is commonly used to assess marks left on the bone. Reflectance transformation imaging (RTI) is a computational photography technique which documents and enhances the three-dimensional (3D) reflectance properties of the surface of an object. RTI has primarily been used in the cultural heritage sector but has recently transitioned into forensic science. This study examines the use of RTI for the documentation and presentation of cut surface characteristics on fully sectioned long bones. Juvenile pig radii were bisected using three different handsaws, chosen as handsaws are the most common implement used in criminal dismemberments. The resulting 42 cut surfaces were then documented with a digital microscope and RTI. Four rendering modes were applied to the default RTI image, with diffuse gain being the most beneficial to accentuate cut surface features. Although great care must be taken when obtaining the photographic sequences necessary for detailed RTI analysis, RTI is relatively inexpensive, expeditious, and easy to use, and creates highly detailed, virtually interactive images. RTI may not replace microscopic methods of saw mark analysis, however could prove useful for the documentation, image sharing, and presentation of forensic evidence. 相似文献
303.
José A. Bauermeister Michelle Marie Johns Theo G. M. Sandfort Anna Eisenberg Arnold H. Grossman Anthony R. D’Augelli 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2010,39(10):1148-1163
Dating in adolescence plays an integral part in the development of sexual and social identities. This process is particularly
salient for sexual minority youth who face additional obstacles to their identity formation due to their marginalized status.
We investigated the influence of participating in a same-sex relationship (SSR) or an opposite-sex relationship (OSR) on sexual
minority youths’ psychological well-being (i.e., symptoms of depression, anxiety and internalized homophobia, and self-esteem)
in an ethnically-diverse sample of 350 youth (55% male) between the ages of 15–19 years, recruited from three GLBT drop-in
centers in the New York City area. Using longitudinal data, we examined youths’ SSR and OSR over time. Multivariate regression
analyses suggest that involvement in a SSR was positively associated with changes in self-esteem in males, and negatively
correlated with changes in internalized homophobia in females. We discuss the implications for positive development in sexual
minority adolescent populations. 相似文献
304.
Carolyn McNamara Barry Laura M. Padilla-Walker Stephanie D. Madsen Larry J. Nelson 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2008,37(5):581-591
Studies document that parents serve as children’s primary socialization agents, particularly for moral development and prosocial
behavior; however, less is known regarding parental influences on prosocial outcomes during the transition to adulthood. The
purpose of this study was to investigate how mother–child relationship quality was related to prosocial tendencies via emerging
adults’ regulation of prosocial values. Participants included 228 undergraduate students (ranging from 18 to 25 years; 90%
European American) and their mothers (ranging from 38 to 59 years) from four locations across the United States. Path analyses
using structural equation modeling revealed that mother–child relationship quality was related to emerging adults’ regulation
of prosocial values, which was, in turn, related to emerging adults’ prosocial tendencies. Specifically, emerging adults who
reported higher levels of internal regulation of prosocial values were more likely to report prosocial tendencies that de-emphasized
themselves, and were less likely to report prosocial tendencies for the approval of others.
相似文献
Carolyn McNamara BarryEmail: |
305.
The association between sexual debut timing and depressive symptomatology in adolescence and emerging adulthood was examined
using data from Waves I, II and III of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Respondents who reported never
having sexual intercourse at Wave I and were 18–22 years of age at Wave III were included (n = 5,061). Twenty percent of respondents experienced early (<age 16) and 49% experienced typical (ages 16–18) sexual debut.
In bivariate analyses, pre-debut depressive symptoms were associated with earlier sexual debut among female but not male adolescents.
In models adjusting for demographic characteristics and pre-debut depressive symptoms, sexual debut was positively related
to adolescent (Wave II) depressive symptomatology, but only among female adolescents age less than sixteen. However, sexual
debut timing was unassociated with emerging adult (Wave III) depressive symptomatology for both male and female respondents.
Findings suggest sexual debut timing does not have implications for depressive symptomatology beyond adolescence.
相似文献
Aubrey L. SpriggsEmail: |
306.
The 2007 Scottish Parliamentary elections were notable for the extensive variation across constituencies in rejected ballots (ranging from 1.90% to 12.09%). This paper uses an unfortunate natural experiment to identify the influence of ballot design on the occurrence of rejected ballots, or ‘residual votes’. In two electoral regions, visual prompts were removed and instructions were abbreviated on the (already poorly designed) ballot papers. Using zero-truncated negative binomial regression to model total residual votes as well as constituency and regional undervotes and overvotes, we find clear evidence that these changes made a major contribution to the extent of residual votes in constituencies within those regions. The findings emphasise that ballot design is not a trivial subject that can be neglected by electoral administrators. 相似文献
307.
Morland LA Leskin GA Block CR Campbell JC Friedman MJ 《Journal of interpersonal violence》2008,23(5):652-669
Despite research documenting high rates of violence during pregnancy, few studies have examined the impact of physical abuse, psychological abuse, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on miscarriage. Secondary analysis of data collected by the Chicago Women's Health Risk Study permitted an exploration of the relationships among physical abuse, psychological abuse, PTSD, and miscarriage among 118 primarily ethnic minority women. The interaction between maximum severity of abuse and age provided the best multivariate predictor of miscarriage rate, accounting for 26.9% of the variance between live birth and miscarriage outcome. Mean scores of psychological abuse, physical violence, forced sex, and PTSD were significantly higher in the miscarriage group than in the live birth group. Women who experience physical violence and psychological abuse during pregnancy may be at greater risk for miscarriage. Prospective studies can confirm findings and determine underlying mechanisms. Routine screening for traumatic stress and PTSD may reduce rates of miscarriage. 相似文献
308.
Pelin et al. recently showed that sacral height measured on lateral magnetic resonance images can be used with moderate accuracy to reconstruct stature in males. In most forensic anthropological cases, however, sacral dimensions must be obtained from dry bones. In this study, the relationship between stature and sacral height, hip height, and femur head diameter measured on dry bone was evaluated for American Blacks and Whites of both sexes (n = 247). There are significant correlation between stature and these three dimensions, but the results suggest that none of the dimensions predict stature with the accuracy needed to be useful in forensic anthropological investigations. 相似文献
309.
Marital dissatisfaction and depression are common characteristics of abused women. In this investigation, we attempted to identify variables that might buffer women's marital satisfaction and stability, and their psychological adjustment against the effects of verbal and physical abuse. Verbal and physical victimization had significant negative direct effects on women's marital satisfaction: victimized women were characterized by less satisfaction and less stability regardless of their sense of relationship efficacy or their perceptions of spousal support. However, the effects of victimization on women's depression were moderated by relationship efficacy, perceived intimacy, and acceptance of emotional expression provided by the spouse: nonvictimized women who perceived more support and felt more efficacious, relative to those who felt less support and less efficacy, experienced fewer depressive symptoms, while victimized women who perceived more support and felt more efficacious in their relationships, relative to those characterized by less support and less efficacy, experienced more depressive symptoms. In the context of marital violence, increasing levels of relationship efficacy and perceptions of spouse support may be accompanied by an increase in the risk for depressive reactions. 相似文献
310.
Carolyn D. Schwarz 《Family Court Review》2004,42(2):304-320
Fragmented court systems are especially problematic for domestic violence victims because they typically are involved in more than one proceeding that stems from the same pattern of abuse. The proceedings are handled in different courts and before different judges, who are often unaware of these orders being issued in other proceedings. Consequently, conflicting orders are prevalent and the protection and needs of victims are often not met. A unified family court, on the other hand, provides one court with the subject-matter jurisdiction to handle all family-related matters and one judge to hear all cases that involve a single family, resulting in conflicting orders being issued less frequently. Additionally, the needs of victims are better served as a result of the services component. Given the fragmented state of the court systems in New York and Pennsylvania, United States; Alberta, Canada; and Australia, unified family courts should be implemented in each locality. 相似文献