North Korea's Internet strategy and its political implications

Abstract

During recent years, the role of information technology in shaping politics and social movements in the digital age is drawing increasing scholarly attention. There is, however, little such literature on North Korea as the country remains almost completely cut off from the Internet. Since the mid-1990s, the DPRK government has strategically developed its information and communication technology and has subsequently built a domestic intranet. Although North Korea keeps a minimal presence on the web, there are signs that the country is taking small and cautious steps to allow some social elites to take advantage of the Internet in order to leapfrog its economic development. Indeed, a high-profile defector indicated that North Korea will most likely start allowing wider but limited internet access in the near future. This paper examines North Korea's intranet and Internet policies and explores their political implications by drawing upon first-hand data from Korean sources and existing literature as well as by juxtaposing the North Korean case with other communist regimes such as China and Cuba in terms of their attempts to control and manipulate the Internet. It shows that the DPRK government is likely to learn from the Chinese and Cuban experiences and adopt a ‘Mosquito-Net’ model in controlling the Internet in an effort to attract foreign investment while keeping out information deemed threatening by the regime.     

刍议检察学研究的几个基本问题——以检察制度的比较研究为视角

我国政治制度与西方各国不同,只能从国情出发,借鉴西方某些适合我国的有益经验,不断发展和完善中国特色社会主义检察制度。因此,以检察制度的比较研究为切入点,探讨我国检察机关体系在国家机构中的地位、检察机关的法律监督职能划分以及根据检察机关和检察职能的法律定位来认识检察官的司法属性,具有重要现实意义。     

An interpretation of the genetic polymorphism and population genetic background of Ankang Han population via a novel InDel panel

In this research, genotyping data of 43 InDel loci in 311 Han individuals in Ankang City, Shaanxi Province, China were detected using a self-developed five-dye multiplex amplification panel. The allelic frequencies and forensic parameters of all InDel loci were calculated. The combined power of discrimination and probability of exclusion values were 0.999 999 999 999 999 998 827 39 and 0.999 887 424, respectively, which demonstrated that this 43-InDel panel was powerful for individual identifications in Ankang Han population. Moreover, genetic distances, pairwise F_ST values, principal component analyses, phylogenetic trees and STRUCTURE analyses were performed to investigate the genetic affinities between Ankang Han and reference groups. Population genetic investigations indicated that Ankang Han population had a close genetic relationship with Southern Han population compared with other reference groups.     

Investigation on the genetic-inconsistent paternity cases using the MiSeq FGx system

Mutations might challenge the paternity index calculation in forensic identification. While many studies have focussed on the autosomal short tandem repeats (A-STR), the mutation status of sex chromosomes and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) remain blank. Next generation sequencing (NGS), known as high throughput and large sequence polymorphism, is a promising tool for forensic genetics. To describe the mutation landscapes in the paternity cases with genetic inconsistencies, a total of 63 parentage confirmed paternity cases contained at least one mismatched locus have been collected. The mutations were subsequently evaluated using Verogen’s MPS ForenSeq^TM DNA Signature Kit and a microsatellite instability (MSI) detection kit. The result showed 98.41% (62/63) of the cases had no additional autosomal mutations even when the number of A-STRs increased to 27. As for the sex chromosomes, about 11.11% (7/63) of the cases exhibited either X-STR or Y-STR mutations. D2S1338, FGA and Penta E were the most frequent altered STRs, which suggested they might be the mutation hotspots. In addition, a male with sex chromosome abnormality was observed accidently, whose genotype might be 47, XXY, rather than MSI. Nearly 56.90% of the STR loci possessed isoalleles, which might result in higher STR polymorphisms. No Mendelian incompatibility was detected among the SNP markers, which indicated that SNP was a more reliable genetic marker in the genetic-inconsistent paternity cases.Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/20961790.2021.2009631 .     

国内外学界对布什主义的研究情况综述

2001年1月乔治·W·布什当选美国总统后,其国家安全政策即布什主义对美国国内和国际社会逐渐产生了重大影响,引起了国内外学界的重视和研究。对布什主义的研究,其实就是对当今美国布什政府的国家安全战略的研究。研究情况各国各异,本文主要就国内外学界对乔治·W·布什总统第一任期内所推出的国家安全战略即布什主义的研究情况进行简单评述。     

构建大湄公河次区域争端解决机制的思考——以区域贸易争端解决机制模式为鉴

大湄公河次区域经济合作（以下简称GMS）于1992年由亚洲开发银行发起,涉及流域内中国、缅甸、老挝、泰国、柬埔寨和越南等6个国家。对任何贸易体制而言,无论是全球性的多边贸易体制,还是区域性的双边或周边贸易体制,争端解决机制是其贸易规则中必不可少的内容。对GMS来说同样如此。因为,无论GMS贸易自由化规则设计得如何科学合理,若没有一套有效的争端解决机制作为其实施的后盾,6国之间的贸易纠纷就无法得到及时有效的解决,     

物业管理与业主自治:物业管理业主委员会资格探析

目前,我国新兴物业管理制度下应运而生的业主委员会所发挥的自治作用并不理想,原因是多方面的。但学界争论最大的是:我国业主委员会作为业主大会中“执行机构”,没有法人资格,不是独立的民事主体,不能独立承担法律责任。又以何种身份“执行”公共物业管理事务,与物业管理公司签订民事合同?最终责任如何落实呢?争议的实质焦点有二:一是业主委员会的诉讼主体资格问题,二是业主委员会的民事主体资格及其民事责任的承担问题。由此,有学者建议:在现有业主自治管理机构——业主大会和业主委员会制度的基础上,增加业主自治管理的监督机关,引入“业主团体”的概念,建立由全体业主组成的业主团体的自治组织机构。本文重点拟对业主委员会之法律地位及完善物业管理自治组织结构并发挥其自治作用进行探讨。     

美国反倾销司法审查制度研究

美国反倾销司法审查制度是美国反倾销法的重要组成部分,它主要包括司法审查的主管机构、司法审查的范围、提起司法审查的主体以及司法的审查标准等内容,是美国三权分立,权力制衡宪法原则的体现。中国企业在应对美国的反倾销指控时,应充分利用该司法救济制度维护自己的合法权益,但同时要注意该司法审查制度存在的局限性,避免不必要的资源浪费。     

马克思文化研究的唯物主义路径

通过对马克思相关文本的理论解读,文章认为,“历史叙述”方法的转换是马克思文化哲学观变化的重要理论依据。在“文化史”历史叙述逻辑中,马克思提出了典型的唯心主义文化哲学观。在确立“现实的历史叙述”方法论之后,马克思原有的文化哲学观转化为现实的文化话题,并在政治经济学研究中发展为人类文化解放的现实维度。为了建构与发展马克思主义文化哲学观,我们有必要进一步理解分析马克思原生态文化哲学观点,以求拓宽其视角,丰富其内涵。     

证据制度中法官自由裁量权的类型化分析

法官的自由裁量权是现代证据制度的必要组成部分。这种裁量权可以分为开放型与封闭型两种基本类别。开放型裁量将价值判断引入司法证明的过程中,使诉讼证明区别于纯粹的科学证明。封闭型裁量则以维护立法在逻辑上的一致性为目标,追求司法证明的确定性和可预见性。对两种自由裁量之间关系的不同处理,导致了司法证明在灵活性、判决结果的合法化等方面的差异。我国应当将“以开放的体系追求证据制度在逻辑上的统一”作为证据制度的发展目标,以此确保诉讼证明的和谐性与确定性之间的统一。