Frontloading Mitigation: The "Legal" and the "Human" in Death Penalty Defense

The bifurcation of capital trials into determinations of guilt and sentencing presents defense advocates with what seem to be two distinct domains of knowledge—one apparently "legal" in character, the other "human." But this epistemological division is actually not so clear in practice. This article dissects the procedural and strategic mechanisms through which these two domains unsettle and reconstitute the other. I provide a historical, empirically grounded account that explicitly articulates the connections between developments in legal procedure, prevailing standards of care concerning the need to conduct humanistic investigations of mitigating factors, and the on-the-ground trial practice of "frontloading" as a defense strategy. Drawing from documentary research, interview data with leading capital defense practitioners, and analytical observations based on my own experience as a mitigation specialist, this article presents itself as a case study of the processes of mutually constitutive rupturing that reconfigure the categories of the legal and the human.     

丙酸钠和丙酮酸钠对体外培养牛肝细胞内丙酮酸羟化酶基因mRNA水平的影响

在成功构建牛肝细胞培养模型和PC基因DNA竞争模板的基础上,采用竞争RT-PCR方法检测了丙酸钠和丙酮酸钠对体外培养新生牛单层肝细胞PC基因mRNA丰度的影响。结果,随着丙酸钠浓度的升高,PC基因mRNA水平呈上升趋势,PC基因mRNA对丙酸钠的耐受范围较广;随着丙酮酸钠浓度的升高PC基因mRNA水平呈先上升后下降的趋势。结果表明,肝细胞内PC基因mRNA的表达水平受丙酮酸钠浓度的调控,在一定范围内丙酮酸钠对PC基因mRNA的转录具有促进作用,而浓度过高时则起抑制作用。     

“伊拉克圣战基地组织”简介

今年6月7日,“伊拉克圣战基地组织”(Al-Qaeda in Iraq)头目阿布·穆萨卜·扎卡维(AbuMusab al-Zarqawi)在美军对伊拉克首都巴格达以北的巴古拜进行空袭时被炸身亡。约旦籍的扎卡维是穆斯林逊尼派的极端激进分子。伊战后,他领导的“伊拉克圣战基地组织”从解放伊斯兰土地、驱逐     

法国的个人所得税制度及其对我国的启示

改革开放以来,随着个人收入取得的市场化程度提高,我国出现了个人收入分配差距过大的问题.如何解决个人收入分配差距过大的问题?世界上一般采取的主要做法是实行个人所得税制度.个人所得税对收入的公平分配起着重要作用,这已被西方国家的实践所证明.     

奇异的世界六大火山口

世界上大约有62条活火山是分布在太平洋西部,有45条分布在太平洋东部弧形陆链或岛弧中,有17条分布在南北美洲西部的主要山带,另外有14条分布在印度尼西亚一带,有7条分别分布在太平洋中心岛屿、印度洋岛屿和大西洋岛屿,其余的7条分布在地中海、小亚细亚北部和东非大裂谷.     

澳大利亚的东盟政策解析

东盟作为澳大利亚的近邻,在澳大利亚的对外政策中占据着重要地位.地缘政治特性、经济利益牵连、安全和防务因素使得与东盟关系成为澳大利亚最看重的对外关系之一.总体上看,澳大利亚的东盟政策经历了酝酿、成型、调整三个阶段.本文梳理了澳大利亚东盟政策的演变过程,分析了澳大利亚这个具有特殊地理位置与政治文化背景的国家如何试图在东南亚地区发挥作用,并分析了澳大利亚东盟政策的前景.     

评介日本技术士法

<正> 第二次世界大战后,日本的经济取得了惊人的发展。其主要原因之一是科学技术的发展。战后的日本,在科学技术方面大大落后于美国等发达国家。因此,日本坚持以引     

病毒性心肌炎和扩张性心肌病中Dystrophin蛋白的表达

目的探讨病毒性心肌炎和扩张性心肌病的发病机制及相互关系,从而提高心性猝死法医学鉴定的可靠性和准确性。方法对17例对照(包括正常心脏、冠心病、高血压性心脏病等),25例病毒性心肌炎和28例扩张性心肌病的心肌组织进行改良的病理学dystrophin免疫组织化学研究。结果dystrophin蛋白在对照组,病毒性心肌炎组和扩张性心肌病组中阳性表达率分别为100%,88%,57%,三组表达差异有显著性(P<0.05),且在病毒性心肌炎和扩张性心肌病组间表达有显著差异(P<0.05),经Spearman等级相关分析呈显著负相关(r=-0.526)。结论病毒性心肌炎和扩张性心肌病心肌中细胞骨架蛋白均有破坏,且随着由病毒性心肌炎进展为扩张性心肌病,dystrophin蛋白表达逐渐降低,说明在病毒性心肌炎和扩张性心肌病的发病机制中可能与dystrophin的被破坏有关,病毒感染并破坏心肌细胞骨架蛋白并最终导致心肌细胞坏死,心功能受损,从而使病毒性心肌炎进展为扩张性心肌病。     

Jiang Zemin's military thought and legacy

Nearly for 15 years as the Chairman of China's Central MilitaryCommission, Jiang Zemin, albeit lack of real military experience,has gradually developed his military theories and principlesin the process of consolidating military authority. Unquestionably,Jiang is not only the core of the third generation leadershipin China, but also the most powerful man in China's militaryuntil now. That makes researchers interested in exploring militarythought of this man controlling the largest armies in the world.In this paper, Jiang's basic military framework, ‘FiveSentences’, including ‘Politically Qualified’,‘Militarily Tough’, ‘Attitudinally Excellent’,‘Strictly Disciplined’ and ‘Materially Guaranteed’will be separately discussed. With interpretations of ‘FiveSentences’, the author will thereafter provide personalcomments and analysis.